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Health status associated with SARS-CoV-2 risk perceptions in Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe Cover

Health status associated with SARS-CoV-2 risk perceptions in Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe

Open Access
|Feb 2024

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Demographics

IndicatorSierra LeoneZimbabweTotal
N=1158N=1154N=2312
% (n)% (n)% (n)
Female48.9 (566)57.0 (658)52.9 (1223)
Age (years)
10-199.6 (111)9.8 (113)9.7 (224)
20-2423.2 (269)13.2 (152)18.2 (421)
25-4952.4 (607)48.1 (555)50.3 (1163)
50+14.8 (171)28.9 (334)21.8 (504)
Education
Primary20.5 (237)25.2 (291)22.9 (529)
Secondary51.9 (601)67.0 (773)59.5 (1376)
Tertiary27.6 (320)7.8 (90)17.7 (409)
Group
Community member67.5 (782)68.9 (795)68.2 (1577)
Faith leader6.6 (76)4.2 (48)5.4 (125)
Healthcare worker6.6 (76)1.5 (17)4.0 (92)
Community leader11.4 (132)5.6 (65)8.5 (197)
Other7.9 (91)19.9 (230)13.9 (321)
Has a health condition29.0 (336)26.2 (302)27.6 (638)
Table 2

Prevalence of NCDs

Health ConditionSierra LeoneZimbabweTotal
Cancer1.80.41.1***
Immunocompromised2.75.44.0***
Cardiovascular disease9.57.88.7
Other underlying conditions5.19.27.1***
Diabetes5.63.44.5**
Obesity4.00.62.3***
Pulmonary disease4.03.13.6

*** Note. p<.01,

** p<.05

Table 3

Regression estimates for health conditions and perceived susceptibility

perceived susceptibilityOdds RatioSt. Err.t-valuep-value[95% ConfInterval]Sig
Cancer.105.078-3.01.003.024.455***
Immunocompromised.825.194-0.82.414.5211.308
Cardiovascular1.544.2492.70.0071.1262.117***
Obesity.503.169-2.05.041.261.971**
Diabetes.94.206-0.28.776.6121.443
Pulmonary disease.808.202-0.85.393.4951.319
Other conditions.703.125-1.98.048.495.997**

*** Note. p<.01,

** p<.05,

* p<.1; Each row represents a unique model that examines the relationship between perceived susceptibility to COVID and health condition, and controls for sex, country, education, and community status.

Table 4

Regression estimates for health conditions and perceived safety of COVID-19 vaccines

Perceived SafetyOdds RatioSt. Err.t-valuep-value[95% ConfInterval]Sig
Cancer.233.13-2.61.009.078.696***
Immunocompromised.975.213-0.12.907.6351.496
Cardiovascular1.472.2292.49.0131.0851.995**
Obesity.513.169-2.03.043.269.978**
Diabetes.956.201-0.21.831.6331.444
Pulmonary disease.701.169-1.47.141.4371.124
Other conditions1.013.1680.08.939.7311.403

*** Note. p<.01,

** p<.05,

* p<.1; Each row represents a unique model that examines the relationship between perceived safety of COVID vaccine and health condition and controls for sex, country, education, and community status.

Table 5

Regression estimates for health conditions and vaccination status

VaccinatedOdds RatioSt. Err.t-valuep-value[95% ConfInterval]Sig
Cancer.229.12-2.80.005.082.642***
Immunocompromised1.016.2260.07.943.6571.572
Cardiovascular1.52.2452.60.0091.1082.083***
Obesity.534.182-1.84.066.2731.041*
Diabetes1.087.2340.39.697.7141.657
Pulmonary disease.794.195-0.94.348.4911.285
Other conditions.713.124-1.95.052.5081.002*

*** Note. p<.01,

** p<.05,

* p<.1; Each row represents a unique model that examines the relationship between vaccine status and health condition and controls for sex, country, education, and community status

Country:District: Ward:
Respondent ID:Age range of respondent (years):
  1. 10 – 19 Years

  2. 20 – 24 Years

  3. 25 – 49 years

  4. 50 Years and above

Gender:Profession:
Respondent category:
  1. Faith leader

  2. Health care worker

  3. Community leader

  4. Journalist

  5. Community member

  6. Other

Educational level:
Cancer
Immunocompromised state due to therapy or disease
Cardiovascular disease
Other underlying condition
Obesity
Diabetes (type 1 or 2)
Pulmonary disease
I never refused a vaccine recommended by a healthcare worker
Did not think it was needed
Did not have enough information on the vaccine
Did not think the vaccine was effective
Did not think the vaccine was safe
I was concerned about side effects
I had a bad experience with a previous vaccination
Did not know where to get vaccination
Other logistic problems
Not at allA littleSomewhatVery
Contracting COVID-19 at work?
(For example: office and other work settings that are not your home)
Contracting COVID-19 outside of work?
(For example: at the grocery store, when you are using transportation, or in other aspects of your daily life)
Infecting your family or friends with COVID-19?
Very likely
Somewhat likely
I am not sure
Somewhat unlikely
Very unlikely
I would not take it within the near future, but I might reconsider it in the future with time
a. Not at all likely
b. Somewhat likely
c. Extremely likely
a. Very easy
b. Somewhat easy
c. Somewhat difficult
d. Very difficult
e. Not sure
a. I can’t go on my own
b. I have a physical limitation.
c. It’s too far away.
d. I don’t know where to go to get vaccinated.
e. I’m not eligible to get a COVID-19 vaccine.
f. I have a medical reason that makes me ineligible to get vaccinated (e.g., I have had a severe allergy to vaccines in the past).
g. I don’t have transportation.
h. The hours of operation are inconvenient.
i. The waiting time is too long.
j. It is difficult to find or make an appointment.
k. I am too busy to get vaccinated.
l. It was difficult to arrange for childcare.
m. I don’t have time off work
n. Not sure
a. Not at all safe
b. A little safe
c. Moderately safe
d. Very safe
a. The fast production of the vaccine did not compromise its safety
b. Agencies approving the vaccines are following strict rules
c. My risk of getting sick with COVID-19 is bigger than the risk of side effects from
the vaccine
d. The vaccine cannot cause any immediate or long-term injury
e. It is impossible to get COVID-19 or any other disease from the vaccine itself or
its components
f. The vaccine works in protecting me from COVID-19
g. The vaccine works in stopping the transmission of COVID-19 from one person to another
h. Health agencies and WHO recommend the vaccine and agree it is safe
i. I do not need any other information
j. Other - please specify____________________
Once vaccinated I will be able to live my life with no restrictions
Those with concerns about the vaccine have opportunities to share their opinions with the public
Pharmaceutical companies will not make large profits from the vaccine
Everybody will have equal access to the vaccine regardless of income or race
I will be free to choose if I get the vaccine or not with no consequences
There are no other reasons why so many people are sick (i.e. 5G technology or other unknown reasons)
a. Protect my health
b. Protect health of family/friends
c. Protect health of co-workers
d. Protect health of community
e. To get back to work/school
f. To resume social activities
g. To resume travel
h. Because others encouraged me to get vaccinated
i. Other/Not sure
a. Ministry of Health
b. Employer
c. Family and friends
d. Hospital system websites
e. Local health officials
f. News sources (e.g., television, internet, and radio)
g. Health care workers
h. Professional organization(s)
i. Religious leader(s)
j. Online publishers of medical information (such as WebMD or Mayo Clinic)
k. Social media (such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, LinkedIn, or Tik- Tok)
l. Union leader(s)
m. Other
Language: English
Page range: 10 - 26
Submitted on: Jun 17, 2023
Accepted on: Oct 17, 2023
Published on: Feb 25, 2024
Published by: Global Health Institute at William Carey International University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2024 Dennis Kinyoki, Ruth Gemi, Gertrude Guveya, James Mukabi, Jaya Shreedhar, Fifi Manuel, Alex Anderson, Cougar P Hall, Josh West, Benjamin Crookston, published by Global Health Institute at William Carey International University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.