Table 1
Participant demographics
| Variable | Category | Frequency (n=407) | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in completed years | 19–24 | 336 | 82.6 | |
| 25–34 | 56 | 13.8 | ||
| ≥ 35 | 15 | 3.7 | ||
| Faculty / School | School of Law | 144 | 35.4 | |
| School of Business | 86 | 21.1 | ||
| Technical and Applied Sciences | 74 | 18.2 | ||
| Humanities and Social Sciences Schools | 59 | 14.5 | ||
| Health Sciences | 44 | 10.8 | ||
| Sex | Female | 243 | 59.7 | |
| Male | 164 | 40.3 | ||
| Duration at the University | 3 years | 133 | 32.7 | |
| Less than 1 year | 91 | 22.4 | ||
| 1 year | 77 | 18.9 | ||
| 4 years & over | 61 | 15.0 | ||
| 2 years | 45 | 11.1 | ||
| Is there anyone in your family that drinks alcohol or uses drugs? | someone in my extended family | 151 | 37.1 | |
| No family member drinks alcohol or uses drugs | 124 | 30.5 | ||
| sibling | 54 | 13.3 | ||
| parent | 47 | 11.5 | ||
| Relatives (multiple) | 31 | 7.6 | ||
| How often do you have a drink containing alcohol? | Never | 282 | 69.3 | |
| Monthly or less | 91 | 22.4 | ||
| 2-4 times a month | 29 | 7.1 | ||
| 2-3 times a week | 4 | 1.0 | ||
| 4 or more times a week | 1 | 0.3 | ||
| Religious affiliation | Anglican | 199 | 48.9 | |
| Catholic | 96 | 23.6 | ||
| Pentecostal | 83 | 20.4 | ||
| Seventh Day Adventist | 14 | 3.4 | ||
| Islam | 9 | 2.2 | ||
| Other | 6 | 1.5 | ||
| Residential Status | Private Hostel | 167 | 41.0 | |
| Resident on campus / University affiliated hostel | 132 | 32.4 | ||
| I commute from home | 65 | 16.0 | ||
| I rent a room / a house | 43 | 10.6 | ||
Table 2
Prevalence and AUDIT levels
| Variable | Category/Level | Count (n=407) | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance use | Never used any substance | 258 | 63.4 | |
| Alcohol only | 93 | 22.9 | 36.7 prevalence of overall substance use | |
| Multiple substances including alcohol | 32 | 7.9 | ||
| Other substances only | 24 | 5.9 | ||
| Breakdown of other substances | Tobacco products only (cigarettes, chewing tobacco, cigars, shisha, etc.) | 14 | 3.4 | 5.9 prevalence of other substances |
| Cannabis only (marijuana, pot, grass, hash, etc.) | 10 | 2.5 | ||
| AUDIT Risk of alcohol use disorders | Low risk | 356 | 87.47 | |
| Risky | 44 | 10.81 | ||
| Dependence | 4 | 0.98 | ||
| Harmful | 3 | 0.74 |
Table 3
Logistic regression of demographic predictors of substance use
| n = 407 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Levels | Bivariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | VIF | ||||||
| Coefficient | p-value | COR | CI [95%] | Coefficient | p-value | AOR | CI [95%] | |||
| Intercept | n/a | -1.913 | p-value < 0.001 | 0.148 | (0.072, 0.303) ** | n/a | ||||
| Sex | Female | |||||||||
| Male | 0.436 | 0.037 | 1.546 | (1.026, 2.329) ** | 0.492 | 0.038 | 1.636 | (1.027, 2.607) ** | 1 | |
| Faculty / School | School of Law | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| School of Business | -0.424 | 0.13 | 0.654 | (0.375, 1.140) | ||||||
| Technical and Applied Sciences | -0.303 | 0.30 | 0.739 | (0.415, 1.315) | ||||||
| Humanities and Social Sciences Schools | -0.916 | 0.009 | 0.4 | (0.202, 0.793) ** | ||||||
| Health Sciences | -0.308 | 0.386 | 0.735 | (0.366, 1.475) | ||||||
| Residential status | I rent a room / a house | 1 | ||||||||
| I commute from home | -0.671 | 0.099 | 0.511 | (0.230, 1.135) | 1 | |||||
| Resident on campus/University affiliated hostel | -0.880 | 0.016 | 0.415 | (0.203, 0.847) ** | -0.856 | 0.04 | 0.425 | (0.214, 1.318) ** | ||
| Private Hostel | -0.089 | 0.796 | 0.915 | (0.467, 1.793) | ||||||
| How long have you attended UCU? | 1 year & below | 1 | ||||||||
| 2 years | 0.507 | 0.151 | 1.660 | (0.830, 3.317) | 1 | |||||
| 3 years | 0.840 | < 0.001 | 2.316 | (1.429, 3.752) ** | 0.826 | 0.002 | 2.285 | (1.340, 3.897) ** | ||
| 4 years & above | 0.7083 | 0.0232 | 2.031 | (1.102, 3.743) ** | ||||||
| Family Use of Alcohol or Drugs? | No family member drinks alcohol or uses drugs | 1 | ||||||||
| Parent | 1.437 | < 0.001 | 4.208 | (2.029, 8.728) ** | 1.304 | 0.001 | 3.682 | (1.681, 8.065) ** | 1 | |
| Relatives (multiple) | 2.222 | < 0.001 | 9.222 | (3.83, 22.204) ** | 2.158 | < 0.001 | 8.652 | (3.296, 22.712) ** | ||
| Sibling | 1.028 | 0.005 | 2.795 | (1.374, 5.685) ** | 0.904 | 0.018 | 2.467 | (1.166, 5.232) ** | ||
| Someone in my extended family | 1.091 | < 0.001 | 2.976 | (1.705, 5.197) ** | 1.147 | 0.0001 | 3.15 | (1.743, 5.694) ** | ||
| What is your religious affiliation? | Anglican | 1 | ||||||||
| Catholic | 0.756 | 0.003 | 2.131 | (1.298, 3.496) ** | 0.711 | 0.010 | 2.036 | (1.186, 3.495) ** | 1 | |
| Pentecostal | -0.843 | 0.008 | 0.431 | (0.232, 0.799) ** | -0.848 | 0.0121 | 0.428 | (0.221, 0.830) ** | ||
| Other (including Islam & SDA) | -0.053 | 0.9 | 0.949 | (0.418, 2.152) | ||||||
Table 4
Logistic regression of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) as predictors of substance use among UCU undergraduates
| n = 407 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Levels | Bivariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | VIF | ||||||
| Coefficient | p-value | COR | CI [95%] | Coefficient | p- value | AOR | CI [95%] | |||
| Intercept | n/a | 0.637 | 0.132 | 1.891 | (0.826, 4.331) | n/a | ||||
| Time spent in private religious activities (Spirituality) | Rarely or never | 1 | ||||||||
| Few times a week | -0.522 | 0.049 | 0.594 | (0.353, 0.998) | ||||||
| Once a day | -0.759 | 0.013 | 0.468 | (0.257, 0.854) | 1 | |||||
| More than once a day | -1.225 | < 0.001 | 0.294 | (0.162, 0.532) | ||||||
| How often attend religious meetings (Religion) | Rarely or never | 1 | ||||||||
| A few times a month | -0.092 | 0.792 | 0.913 | (0.462, 1.802) | ||||||
| Once a week | -0.575 | 0.063 | 0.563 | (0.307, 1.031) | 1 | |||||
| More than once a week | -1.412 | < 0.001 | 0.244 | (0.131, 0.452) ** | -0.802 | 0.031 | 0.449 | (0.217, 0.928)** | ||
| Importance of religious beliefs (Faith) | Not true | 1 | ||||||||
| Somewhat true | -0.102 | 0.753 | 0.904 | (0.480, 1.701) | ||||||
| I Definitely true | -1.155 | < 0.001 | 0.315 | (0.186, 0.533) ** | -0.688 | 0.048 | 0.503 | (0.254, 0.992) | 1 ** | |
| Experience the presence of God (Spirituality) | Not true | 1 | ||||||||
| Somewhat true | -0.505 | 0.318 | 0.604 | (0.224, 1.624) | ||||||
| Definitely true | -1.064 | 0.005 | 0.345 | (0.165, 0.724) ** | 1 | |||||
| Religion carries over into life. (Religion) | Not true | 1 | ||||||||
| Somewhat true | 0.095 | 0.769 | 1.1 | (0.581, 2.082) | ||||||
| Definitely true | -1 | 0.0003 | 0.368 | (0.214, 0.632) ** | 1 | |||||