Anglo-Scandinavian code-mixing in English place-names

With this paper I wish to investigate the nature of code-mixing found in English place names chiefly, though not exclusively, from the Danelaw area. The paper analyses this code-mixing in the frame-work of contact linguistics in the light of the contact situation between Old English and Old Norse, as described by Townend (2002) and Lutz (2013), that existed from the 8^th century onwards, bearing in mind, however, that the Scandinavian place names may not necessarily be direct indicators of the nature and extent of the Scandinavian settlement itself. Historical code-switching usually and generally focuses on describing intersentential and intrasentential code-switching, and this paper aims at broadening the overall scope of the investigation through the inclusion of onomastics.

The analysis will be chiefly based on a corpus of 1,915 relevant place-names, with the data drawn from the(Mills 1998), and Fellows-Jensen’s regional studies on Scandinavian place-names in England (Fellows-Jensen 1972, 1978, 1985). The primary focus of the investigation will be those place names whichIn this paper I also argue that names (specifically the above mentioned place-names) can conform to Muysken’s (2000) category of congruent lexicalization and that word-internal code-switching, and CS in general, is in fact a phenomenon that can occur in the case of hybrid place-names. Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names

contain both Scandinavian and English elements,

used to contain at least one Scandinavian or English element which was replaced by an element from the other language,

contain at least one element which underwent a transformation to accommodate to the phonological system of the other language and

contain elements which could belong to either of the languages but cannot be decided with absolute certainty.