Degree of perceived stress assessed by 14-item Perceived Stress Scale, depending on different characteristics of examined students_
| Perceived stress degree | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Low n (%) | Moderate n (%) | High n (%) | P-value |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 46 (39.3) | 84 (28.8) | 1 (14.3) | 0.046 |
| Female | 71 (60.7) | 218 (71.2 ) | 6 (85.7) | |
| Study program | ||||
| Medicine | 29 (27.8) | 114 (37.7) | 4 (51.1) | 0.035 |
| Dentistry | 46 (39.3) | 73 (24.2) | 2 (28.6) | |
| Speech therapy | 23 (19.7) | 68 (22.5) | 1(14.3) | |
| Nursing | 19 (16.2 ) | 47 (15.6) | 0 | |
| Year of study | ||||
| Y1 | 41 (35.0) | 120 (39.7) | 1 (14.3) | 0.313 |
| Y2 | 24 (20.5) | 78 (25.8) | 3 (42.9) | |
| Y3 | 21 (17.9) | 39 (12.9) | 0 | |
| Y4 | 11 (9.4) | 21 (7.0) | 0 | |
| Y5 | 10 (8.5) | 23 (7.6) | 2 (28.6) | |
| Y6 | 10 (8.5) | 21 (7.0 ) | 1(14.3) | |
| Place of birth | ||||
| Urban | 91 (77.8) | 226 (74.8) | 6 (85.7) | 0.892 |
| Rural | 26 (22.2) | 75 (24.8) | 1 (14.1) | |
| Financial status | ||||
| Good | 107 (91.5) | 258 (85.4) | 5 (71.4) | 0.125 |
| Poor | 10 (8.5) | 44 (14.6) | 2 (28.6) | |
| Social support | ||||
| Good | 116 (99.1) | 292 (96.7) | 6 (85.7) | 0.071 |
| Poor | 1(0.9) | 10 (3.3) | 1 (14.3) | |
Factors associated with trait and state anxiety score (Multivariate linear regression analysis)_
| Perceived stress score Wald Chi-square=256.76, p=0.006; SE (0.175) | Depression Wald Chi-square=392.26, p<0.001; SE (0.133) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P |
| Gender | 0.56 (-0.065-0.176) | 0.365 | 0.061(-0.032-0.003) | 0.171 |
| Age | -0.003 (-0.051-0.045) | 0.822 | -0.015 (-0.026-0.148) | 0.103 |
| Study program | 0.039 (-0.093-0.015) | 0.157 | 0.022 (-0.108-0.079) | 0.256 |
| Perceived stress | 0.624 (0.507-0.740) | 0.000 | 0.696 (0.579-0.812) | 0.000 |
| Depression | 0.800 (0.513-1.087) | 0.000 | -0.081 (-0.298- 0.137) | 0.466 |
| Trait Anxiety | - | - | -0.351 (-0.546--0. 157) | 0.002 |
| State Anxiety | -0.046 (-0.084-0.007) | 0.020 | - | - |
| EQ-5D score | -0.240 (-0.375-0.106) | 0.000 | -0.018 (-0.009-0.046) | 0.187 |
Factors associated with perceived stress, depression, and HRQoL score (Multivariate linear regression analysis)_
| Perceived stress score Wald Chi-square=71.546, p<0.001; based on n=393 observations; SE (0.242) | Depression Wald Chi-square=19.606, p<0.001; based on n=225 observations; SE (0.334) | Health-related quality of life Wald Chi-square=128.627, p<0.001; based on n=426 observations; SE (0.135) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
| Gender | 0.076 (-0.012-0.165) | 0.091 | 0.033 (-0.007-0.072) | 0.102 | -0.150 (-0.035-0.059) | 0.160 |
| Age | 0.019 (-0.098-0.192) | 0.524 | 0.05 (-0.10-0.21) | 0.515 | -0.315 (-0.654-0.025) | 0.069 |
| Study program | 0.019 (-0.021-0.59) | 0.352 | -0.002 (-0.20-0.015) | 0.803 | -0.014 (-0.108-0.079) | 0.764 |
| Study year | -0.017 (-0.065-0.032) | 0.507 | -0003 (-0.024-0.019) | 0.803 | 0.042 (-0.073-0.157) | 0.475 |
| Place of birth | 0.002 (-0.36-0.40) | 0.920 | -0.004 (0.092-0.021) | 0.617 | 0.023 (-0.67-0.112) | 0.618 |
| Financial status | 0.012 (-0.116-0.139) | 0.858 | -0.035 (-0.21-0.12) | 0.215 | 0.226 (-0.075-0.525) | 0.139 |
| Social support | 0.054 (-0.201-0.309) | 0.678 | -0.023 (-0.089-0.136) | 0.686 | 0.067 (-0.533-0.668) | 0.826 |
| Perceived stress | - | -0.015 (-0.058-0.027) | 0.481 | 0.243 (0.16-0.467) | 0.036 | |
| Depression | -0.078 (-0.297-0.140) | 0.481 | - | - | 0.218 (-0.297-0.734) | 0.405 |
| Trait anxiety | 0.339 (0.276-0.403) | 0.000 | 0.85 ( 0.054-0.115 | 0.000 | 0.220 (0.053-0.386) | .010 |
| EQ-5D score | 0.044 (0.033-0.085) | 0.036 | 0.008 (-0.010-0.026) | 0.405 | - | - |
| EQ-5D VAS score | 0.87 (-0.013-0.187) | 0.089 | -0.36 (-0.88-0.009) | 0.115 | -0.604 (-0.833-0.374) | .000 |
Perceived stress degree of examined students depending on quality of life, depression and anxiety symptoms_
| Perceived stress degree | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Low n (%) | Moderate n (%) | High n (%) | P-value |
| EQ-5D | ||||
| no problem | 99 (34.3) | 190 (44.6) | 3 (0.7) | 0.001 |
| light difficulties | 14(3.3) | 59 (13.8) | 3 (0.7) | |
| moderate difficulties | 2 (0.5) | 25 (5.9) | 0 | |
| severe difficulties | 2 (0.5) | 15 (3.5) | 0 | |
| extreme difficulties | 0 | 13 (3) | 5 (1.1) | |
| EQ-5D VAS | ||||
| 0-40 | 2 (0.5) | 8 (1.9) | 0 | 0.161 |
| 41-70 | 6 (1.4) | 38 (8.9) | 0 | |
| 71-100 | 109 (25.6) | 256 (60.1) | 7(1.6) | |
| Depression | ||||
| no problem | 117 (20.5) | 287 (67.4) | 6 (1.4) | 0.019 |
| mild | 0 | 15 (3.5) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Trait anxiety | ||||
| no problem | 10 (2.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 0.001 |
| mild | 97 (22.8) | 116 (27.2) | 0 | |
| moderate | 10(2.3) | 149 (35) | 3 (0.7) | |
| severe | 0 | 36 (8.5) | 4 (0.9) | |
| State anxiety | ||||
| no problem | 117(27.5) | 290 (68.1) | 5(1.2) | 0.001 |
| mild | 0 | 12 (1.8) | 1(0.2) | |
| moderate | 0 | 0 | 1(0.2) | |