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The prevalence of and risk factors for healthcare-associated infections in Slovenia: results of the second national survey Cover

The prevalence of and risk factors for healthcare-associated infections in Slovenia: results of the second national survey

Slovenian Journal of Public Health
Volume 55 (2016): Issue 4 (December 2016)
By: ,  ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jul 2016
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1

A distribution of surveyed patients between acute-care hospitals and different ward specialties, Slovenian national healthcare-associated infections prevalence survey, 2011.

Acute-care hospitalsThe number of patients
General medicineSurgeryGynaecology & obstetricsPaediatricsIntensive careOther/mixedAll
University Medical Centre Ljubljana6297071751438801742
University Medical Centre Maribor295388453824201991
General Hospital Celje14617789281311464
General Hospital Novo mesto1241434318140342
General Hospital Nova Gorica921033816922280
General Hospital Murska Sobota12684371980274
General Hospital Izola8257281180186
General Hospital Slovenj Gradec6869022321183
Oncology Institute Ljubljana139350080182
General Hospital Jesenice5362026419164
Orthopaedic Hospital Valdoltra01490000149
Clinic Golnik13000060136
General Hospital Ptuj474191870122
General Hospital Trbovlje33252863095
General Hospital Brežice36230242287
Hospital Topolšica700004074
Gynaecology & Obstetrics Hospital Postojna0035160051
Gynaecology & Obstetrics Hospital Kranj0030120042
Diagnostic Centre Bled350000035
Surgical Centre Rožna dolina018000018
Medicor01004611
All210520825573752073025628
Proportion (%)37.4%37.0%9.9%6.7%3.7%5.4%100%
Table 2

The prevalence of exposures to indwelling devices on the day of the survey, Slovenian national healthcare-associated infection prevalence survey, 2011.

Intensive careGeneral medicineSurgeryGynaecology & obstetricsPaediatricsOther/mixedAll
Peripheral vascular catheter77.8%50.3%50.7%21.2%50.1%18.2%46.8%
Central vascular catheter72.5%5.7%5.7%0.5%5.1%0.3%7.3%
Urinary catheter82.1%15.1%17.8%7.4%0.0%4.3%16.2%
Intubation53.1%0.6%2.0%0.9%0.0%0.3%3.0%
Number of patients (100%)207210520825573753025628
Table 3

The number (N) and prevalence of different types of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) overall and according to ward specialties, Slovenian national healthcare-associated infections prevalence survey, 2011.

Intensive careGeneral medicineSurgeryGynaecology & obstetricsPaediatricsOther/mixedAll
N (prevalence)N (prevalence)N (prevalence)N (prevalence)N (prevalence)N (prevalence)N (prevalence)
Urinary tract infections8 ( 3.9%)35 (1.7%)28 (1.3%)4 (0.7%)1 (0.3%)1 (0.3%)77 (1.4%)
Pneumoniae30 (14.5%)25 (1.2%)19 (0.9%)0 (0.0%)1 (0.3%)0 (0.0%)75 (1.3%)
Surgical site infections9 ( 4.3%)5 (0.2%)48 (2.3%)3 (0.5%)0 (0.0%)1 (0.3%)66 (1.2%)
Systemic infections12 ( 5.8%)22 (1.0%)13 (0.6%)1 (0.2%)6 (1.6%)1 (0.3%)55 (1.0%)
Bloodstream infections (BSIs)12 ( 5.8%)14 (0.7%)7 (0.3%)1 (0.2%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)34 (0.6%)
Gastro-intestinal system infections6 ( 2.9%)11 (0.5%)5 (0.2%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)22 (0.4%)
Other lower respiratory tract infections10 ( 4.8%)5 (0.2%)6 (0.3%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)21 (0.4%)
Bone and joint infections0 (0.0%)1 (0.0%)14 (0.7%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)15 (0.3%)
Skin and soft tissue infections1 (0.5%)6 (0.3%)6 (0.3%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)1 (0.3%)14 (0.2%)
Eye, Ear, Nose or Mouth infections0 ( 0.0%)6 (0.3%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)1 (0.3%)0 (0.0%)7 (0.1%)
Cardiovascular system infections0 ( 0.0%)3 (0.1%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)3 (0.1%)
Catheter-related infections w/o BSIs0 ( 0.0%)2 (0.1%)1 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)3 (0.1%)
Reproductive tract infections0 ( 0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)3 (0.5%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)3 (0.1%)
Patients with at least one HAIaa74 (35.7%)125 (5.9%)134 (6.4%)12 (2.2%)9 (2.4%)4 (1.3%)358 (6.4 %)

Not a single central nervous system infection was detected.

BSIs: bloodstream infections; w/o: without.

aa Patients can have several HAIs, thus the numbers in columns do not necessarily add up to the number of patients with at least one HAI.

Table 4

The prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) acquired during current hospitalization according to patients’ characteristics, ward specialties, and exposure to extrinsic risks and results of univariate analysis of association, Slovenian national healthcare-associated infections prevalence survey, 2011.

The prevalence of patients with HAIsThe number of patients (base)Odds ratioP-value (95% CI)
Sex
 Male6.5%26921P<0.001
 Female4.2%29360.6(0.5-0.8)
Age
 <50 years2.2%19191P<0.001
 50-79 years6.8%28663.2(2.3-4.5)
 ≥80 years7.5%8433.6(2.4-5.4)
McCabe index
 Non-fatal disease3.5%43941P<0.001
 Ultimately fatal disease10.9%9213.4(2.6-4.4)
 Rapidly fatal disease15.0%2874.9(3.4-7.0)
Specialities
 General medicine5.1%21051P<0.001
 Surgery4.9%20821.0(0.7-1.3)
 Gynaecology & obstetrics2.0%5570.4(0.2-0.7)
 Paediatrics1.6%3750.3(0.1-0.7)
 Intensive care33.8%2079.5(6.7-13.5)
 Other1.0%3020.2(0.1-0.6)
Surgery - current hospitalization
 No3.4%39081P<0.001
 Yes9.7%17193.1(2.4-3.9)
Implant during the last 12 months
 No4.7%48931P<0.001
 Yes9.2%5352.1(1.5-2.8)
Intubation
 No4.4%54571P<0.001
 Yes35.9%17012.3(8.7-17.2)
Central vascular catheter
 No3.5%52161P<0.001
 Yes28.5%41011.0.(8.5-14.3)
Peripheral vascular catheter
 No3.4%29921P<0.001
 Yes7.5%26352.3(1.8-2.9)
Urinary catheter
 No3.0%47151P<0.001
 Yes17.1%9116.6(5.2-8.4)
Length of hospital stayaa
 s 3 days1.4%18991P<0.001
 4-7 days4.8%16303.5(2.2-5.4)
 8-14 days7.2%11125.4(3.5-8.4)
 ≥ 15 days11.6%9879.1(5.9-13.9)

Maximum likelihood estimates for odds ratios together with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and likelihood ratio tests for significance of association (P-value) were computed using logistic regression.

aa The length of hospital stay was computed until the day of the survey for patients without HAIs acquired during the current hospitalization and for those with HAIs acquired during the current hospitalization until the day of occurrence of HAIs (first HAI, if several).

Table 5

Risk factors for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) acquired during current hospitalization, results of multivariate and relevant univariate analysis of association, Slovenian national healthcare-associated infections prevalence survey, 2011.

UnadjustedAdjustedaabb
The prevalence of patients with HAIsThe number of patients (bases)Odds ratioP-value (95% CI)Odds ratioP-value (95% CI)
Patient characteristics
 Age
  <502.2%19131P<0.0011P=0.001
  50-796.7%28493.2(2.3-4.5)1.8(1.2-2.6)
  ≥807.5%8363.6(2.4-5.4)2.2(1.4-3.4)
 McCabe index
  Nonfatal disease3.5%43921P<0.0011P=0.001
  Ultimately fatal disease10.9%9193.4(2.6-4.4)1.4(1.0-1.9)
  Rapidly fatal disease15.02874.8(3.4-7.0)2.1(1.4-3.3)
Exogenous risk factors
 Surgery - current hospitalization
  No3.4%38861P<0.0011P<0.001
  Yes9.6%17123.0(2.4-3.8)1.9(1.5-2.5)
 Intubation
  No4.4%54281P<0.0011P<0.001
  Yes35.9%17012.3(8.8-17.3)2.3(1.4-3.5)
 Central vascular catheter
  No3.5%51911P<0.0011P<0.001
  Yes28.5%40711.0(8.5-14.3)4.0(2.9-5.7)
 Peripheral vascular catheter
  No3.4%29811P<0.0011P<0.001
  Yes7.5%26172.3(1.7-2.9)2.0(1.5-2.6)
 Urinary catheter
  No3.0%46901P<0.0011P<0.001
  Yes17.1%9086.6(5.2-8.4)1.8(1.3-2.4)
 Hospital stayb
  s 3 days0.3%18621P<0.0011P<0.001
  4-7 days2.2%18733.4(2.2-5.3)2.8(1.7-4.4)
  8-14 days7.5%9095.4(3.4-8.3)3.8(2.4-6.0)
  ≥ 15 days19.1%9549.0(5.9-13.8)5.3(3.3-8.3)

Maximum likelihood estimates for odds ratios together with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and likelihood ratio tests for significance of association (P-values) were computed using logistic regression. 5598 individuals with information on all risk factors in the table were included in analyses (98.5% of all individuals surveyed).

aa Adjusted for all other risk factors shown in table.

bb The length of hospital stay was computed until the day of the survey for patients without HAIs acquired during current hospitalization and for those with HAIs acquired during current hospitalization until the day of occurrence of HAIs (first HAI if several).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2016-0033 | Journal eISSN: 1854-2476 | Journal ISSN: 0351-0026
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Language: English, Slovenian
Page range: 239 - 247
Submitted on: Apr 1, 2016
Accepted on: May 10, 2016
Published on: Jul 28, 2016
Published by: National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
healthcare-associated infections,
prevalence,
survey,
risk factors,
Slovenia
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Clinical medicine,
Hygiene and environmental medicine

© 2016 Irena Klavs, Jana Kolman, Tatjana Lejko Zupanc, Božena Kotnik Kevorkijan, Aleš Korošec, Mojca Serdt, published by National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 55 (2016): Issue 4 (December 2016)
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