References
- 1. Mozzafarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al., on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016;133(4):e38-360.
- 2. Atlas of Heart Disease and stroke, WHO, Sept. 2004.
- 3. British Heart Foundation. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics, 2000 Edition.
- 4. Roger V L, Go A S, LLoyd-Jones D M, Benjamin E J, Berry J D et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2012 Update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 125: e2-e220.
- 5. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;131(4):e29-322.
- 6. Katsnelson M, Della-Morte D, Rundek T. Stroke in young. Peiolog. 2012; 114 (3): 347-353.
- 7. State of the Nation Stroke statistics - January 2016. Stroke association.
- 8. Putaala J, Metso A J, Metso T M, Konkola N, Kraemer Y et al. 2009 Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49 with first-ever ischemic stroke: the Helsinki young stroke registry. Stroke 40: 1195-1203.
- 9. Office for National Statistics. Mortality statistics: DHI Series no. 34 2001 and Series DH2 no. 29. London: Office for National Statistics, 2002.
- 10. World Health Organization. Statistical information (WHOSIS). Geneva: WHO, 2004.
- 11. Petersen S, Peto V, Rayner M. Coronary heart disease statistics 2004. London: British Heart Foundation, 2004.
- 12. Marmot M, Elliott P, eds. Coronary heart disease epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. 13. Health Survey for England 2002. http: // www. publications. doh. gov. Uk /stats / trends1. htm.
- 14. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004;364(9438):937-52.
- 15. Gongora-Rivera F, Labreuche J, Jaramillo A, Steg PG, Hauw JJ, Amarenco P. Autopsy prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with fatal stroke. Stroke 2007; 38: 1203-10.
- 16. Touzé E, Varenne O, Calvet D, Mas JL. Coronary risk stratification in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic stroke attack. Int J Stroke 2007; 2: 177-83.10.1111/j.1747-4949.2007.00136.x
- 17. Coca A, Messerli FH, Benetos A, et al. Predicting stroke risk in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: a report from the INVEST. Stroke 2008; 39: 343-8.
- 18. De Silva DA, Woon FP, Moe KT, Chen CL, Chang HM, Wong MC. Concomitant coronary artery disease among Asian ischaemic stroke patients. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2008; 37: 573-5.
- 19. Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998;97:1837-47.
- 20. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AM, et al. Probability of stroke: a risk profile from the Framingham Study. Stroke1991;3:312-18.10.1161/01.STR.22.3.312
- 21. Kannel Wb, Wolf PA, Verter J, mcMara P. Framingham Studyinsights on the hazards of elevated blood pressure. JAMA 2008; 300: 2545-7.
- 22. Arboix A, García-Eroles L, Comes E, Oliveres M, Targa C, Balcells M, Pujadas R, Massons J. Importance of cardiovascular risk profile for in-hospital mortality due to cerebral infarction. Rev Esp Cardiol 2008; 61: 1020-102910.1157/13126042
- 23. Ihle-Hansen H, Thommessen B, Wyller TB, Engedal K, Fure B. Risk factors for and incidence of subtypes of ischemic stroke. Funct Neurol. 2012;27(1):35-40.
- 24. Putaala J, Haapaniemi E, Kaste M, Tatlisumak T. How does number of risk factors affect prognosis in young patients with ischemic stroke?. Stroke. 2012;43(2):356-61. 141-14310.1161/STROKEAHA.111.635276
- 25. Juonala M, Viikari JS, Kahonen M, Solakivi T, Helenius H, Jula A, et al. Childhood levels of serum apolipoproteins B and A-I predict carotid intima-media thickness and brachial endothelial function in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(4):293-9.10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.054
- 26. Lavados PM, Sacks C, Prina L, Escobar A, Tossi C, Araya F, et al. Incidence,30-day case-fatality rate, and prognosis of stroke in Iquique, Chile: a 2-year community- based prospective study (PISCIS project). Lancet. 2005;365(9478):2206-15.
- 27. Arboix A, Milian M, Oliveres M, García-Eroles L, Massons J. Impact of female gender on prognosis in type 2 diabetic patients with ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol 2006; 56: 6-12.
- 28. Marrugat J, Arboix A, García-Eroles L, Salas T, Vila J, Castell C, Tresserras R, Elosua R. [The estimated incidence and case fatality rate of ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease in 2002 in Catalonia]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2007; 60: 573-580.
- 29. The European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee and the ESO Writing Committee. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25: 457-507.
- 30. Burns DM. Epidemiology of smoking-induced cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 46: 11-29.
- 31. Underner M, Paquereau J, Meurice JC. [Cigarette smoking and sleep disturbance]. French Rev Mal Respir 2006; 23 (3 Suppl):6S67-6S77.10.1016/S0761-8425(06)71589-3
- 32. Lavie L, Lavie P. Smoking interacts with sleep apnea to increase cardiovascular risk. Sleep Med 2008; 9: 247-253.10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.018
- 33. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD, Culebras A, Degraba TJ, Gorelick PB, Guyton JR, Hart RG, Howard G, Kelly-Hayes M, Nixon JV, Sacco RL. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the AmericanAcademy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 2006; 37: 1583-1633.
- 34. Hankey GJ. Potential new risk factors for ischemic stroke: what is their potential? Stroke 2006; 37: 2181-2188
- 35. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson KW, et al. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: the emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:637-51.10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.005
- 36. Dimsdale JE. Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1237-46.10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.024
- 37. Von Känel R. Psychological distress and cardiovascular risk: what are the links? J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:2163-5.
- 38. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation 1999; 99:2192-217.
- 39. Tullio M, Zwas DR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, Homma S. Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 2003; 34:2380-2386.
- 40. Towfighi A, Zheng L, Ovbiagele B. Sex-specific trends in midlife coronary heart disease risk and prevalence. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1762-6.
- 41. Gustafson D. Adiposity indices and dementia. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 713-720.10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70526-9
- 42. Prescott E, Hippe M, Schnohr P, Hein HO, Vestbo J. Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men: longitudinal population study. BMJ. 1998; 316:1043-7.
- 43. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, Furie K et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007 Feb 6;115(5):e69-171.
- 44. Seshadri S, Beiser A, Kelly-Hayes M, Kase CS, Au R, Kannel WB, Wolf PA. The lifetime risk of stroke: estimates from the Framingham Study. Stroke. 2006 Feb;37(2):345-5.10.1161/01.STR.0000199613.38911.b2
- 45. McGuinness B, Todd S, Passmore AP, Bullock R. Systematic review: Blood pressure lowering in patients without priorcerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 4-5.
- 46. Mancia G. Prognostic value of long-term blood pressure variability: the evidence is growing. Hypertension 2011; 57: 141-14310.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.165852