Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Physical Activity for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases Cover

Physical Activity for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Open Access
|May 2017

References

  1. 1. Hardman AE, Stensel DJ. Physical activity and health: the evidence explained. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2009.
  2. 2. Erikssen G. Physical fitness and changes in mortality: the survival of the fittest. Sports Med 2001; 31: 571–6.10.2165/00007256-200131080-00001
  3. 3. Nunan D, Mahtani KR, Roberts N, Heneghan C. Physical activity for the prevention and treatment of major chronic disease: an overview of systematic reviews. Syst Rev 2013; 2: 56.10.1186/2046-4053-2-56
  4. 4. Lee I-M, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 2012; 380: 219–29.10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9
  5. 5. Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, Kohl HW 3rd, Haskell W, Lee IM. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2011; 124(7): 789-95.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010710
  6. 6. Smith SC Jr. Reducing the global burden of ischemic heart disease and stroke: A challenge for the cardiovascular community and the United Nations. Circulation 2011; 124: 278-9.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040170
  7. 7. Levi F, Chatenoud L, Bertuccio P, Lucchini F, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Europe and other areas of the world: an update. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009; 16: 333–50.10.1097/HJR.0b013e328325d67d
  8. 8. European Heart Network. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics. 2008 edition.
  9. 9. Ignarro LJ, Balestrieri ML, Napoli C. Nutrition, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease: An update. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 73: 326–40.10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.06.030
  10. 10. Morris JN, Heady JA, Raffle PA, et al. Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work. Lancet 1953; 265: 1111-20.10.1016/S0140-6736(53)91495-0
  11. 11. Morris JN, Heady JA. Mortality in relation to the physical activity of work: a preliminary note on experience in middle age. Br J Ind Med 1953; 10: 245-54.
  12. 12. Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenbarger RS, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. J Am Med Assoc 1989; 262: 2395–401.10.1001/jama.1989.03430170057028
  13. 13. Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HW. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. J Am Med Assoc 1996; 276: 205–10.10.1001/jama.1996.03540030039029
  14. 14. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL and Hsieh CC. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 605–13.10.1056/NEJM1986030631410033945246
  15. 15. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Lee IM, Jung DL and Kampert JB. The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 538–45.10.1056/NEJM1993022532808048426621
  16. 16. Oguma Y, Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS Jr, et al. Physical activity and all cause mortality in women: a review of the evidence. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36: 162-72.10.1136/bjsm.36.3.162172449312055109
  17. 17. Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 288: 1994–2000.10.1001/jama.288.16.199412387651
  18. 18. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 793–801.10.1056/NEJMoa01185811893790
  19. 19. Lee IM, Hsieh CC, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Exercise intensity and longevity in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. JAMA 1995; 273: 1179-84.10.1001/jama.1995.03520390039030
  20. 20. Morris JN, Clayton DG, Everitt MG, Semmence AM, Burgess EH. Exercise in leisure time: coronary attack and death rates. Br Heart J 1990; 63: 325–34.10.1136/hrt.63.6.32510245152375892
  21. 21. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report, 2008. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008.
  22. 22. Wendel-Vos GCW, Schuit AJ, Feskens EJM, et al. Physical activity and stroke. A meta-analysis of observational data. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33: 787-98.10.1093/ije/dyh16815166195
  23. 23. Chiuve SC, Rexrode KM, Spiegelman D, Logroscino G, Manson JE, Rimm EB. Primary prevention of stroke by healthy lifestyle. Circulation 2008; 118: 947-54.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781062273091418697819
  24. 24. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN. Physical activity and stroke risk. A meta-analysis. Stroke 2003; 34: 2475-82.10.1161/01.STR.0000091843.02517.9D14500932
  25. 25. Nocon M, Hiemann T, Muller-Riemenschneider F, Thalau F, Roll S, Willich SN. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabilit 2008; 15: 239-46.10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f55e0918525377
  26. 26. European Heart Network. Diet, Physical activity and cardiovascular disease prevention in Europe. Brussels, 2011.
  27. 27. Oguma S, Shinoda-Tagawa T. Physical activity decreases cardiovascular disease risk in women: review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2004; 26: 407-18.10.1016/j.amepre.2004.02.00715165657
  28. 28. Moore SC, Patel AV, Matthews CE, et al. Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001335.10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335349100623139642
  29. 29. Mann N, Rosenzweig A. Can exercise teach us how to treat heart disease? Circulation 2012; 126: 2625–35.
  30. 30. Gielen S, Schuler G, Adams V. Cardiovascular effects of exercise training: molecular mechanisms. Circulation 2010; 122(12): 1221-38.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.93995920855669
  31. 31. Joyner MJ, Green DJ. Exercise protects the cardiovascular system: effects beyond traditional risk factors. J Physiol 2009; 587(Pt 23): 5551-8.10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179432280536719736305
  32. 32. Mora S, Cook N, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Lee IM. Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms. Circulation 2007; 116: 2110–8.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.729939211738117967770
  33. 33. Katzmarzyk PT, Janssen I. The economic costs associated with physical inactivity and obesity in Canada: An update. Can J App Physiol 2004; 29: 90-115.10.1139/h04-00815001807
  34. 34. Zoeller RF. Physical activity and fitness in the prevention of coronary heart disease and associated risk factors. Am J Lifestyle Med 2007; 1(1): 29-33.10.1177/1559827606293845
  35. 35. Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14: 12-7.10.1097/HJR.0b013e3280128bbb17301622
  36. 36. Braith RW, Stewart KJ. Resistance exercise training. Its role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2006; 113: 2642-50.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.58406016754812
  37. 37. Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2(1): e004473.10.1161/JAHA.112.004473360323023525435
  38. 38. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 251–9.10.1097/00004872-200502000-0000315662209
  39. 39. Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36(3): 533-53.10.1249/01.MSS.0000115224.88514.3A15076798
  40. 40. Pronk NP. Short term effects of exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in humans. Sports Med 1993; 16: 431-48.10.2165/00007256-199316060-000068303142
  41. 41. Tambalis K, Panagiotakos DB, Kavouras SA, Sidosis LS. Responses of blood lipids to aerobic, resistance, and combined aerobic with resistance exercise training: a systematic review of current evidence. Angiology 2009; 60: 614-32.10.1177/000331970832492718974201
  42. 42. Jeon CY, Lokken RP, Hu FB, van Dam RM. Physical activity of moderate intensity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 744-52.10.2337/dc06-184217327354
  43. 43. Hu FB, Sigal RJ, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. JAMA 1999; 282: 1433-9.10.1001/jama.282.15.143310535433
  44. 44. Weinstein AR, Sesso HD, Lee IM, et al. Relationship of physical activity vs body mass index with type 2 diabetes in women. JAMA 2004; 292: 1188-94.10.1001/jama.292.10.118815353531
  45. 45. Sui X, Hooker SP, Lee IM, et al. A prospective study of cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 550-5.10.2337/dc07-1870341043318070999
  46. 46. Honkola A1, Forsén T, Eriksson J. Resistance training improves the metabolic profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 1997; 34(4): 245-8.10.1007/s0059200500829451466
  47. 47. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2518–39.10.2337/diacare.27.10.251815451933
  48. 48. Kodama S, Tanaka S, Heianza Y, et al. Association between physical activity and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 471-9.10.2337/dc12-0783355430223349151
  49. 49. Sluik D, Buijsse B, Muckelbauer R, et al. Physical activity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 1285-95.10.1001/archinternmed.2012.313022868663
  50. 50. Boule NG, Kenny GP, Haddad E, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Meta-analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2003; 46(8): 1071-81.10.1007/s00125-003-1160-212856082
  51. 51. Manley S. Haemoglobin A1c: a marker for complications of type 2 diabetes: the experience from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41: 1182–90.10.1515/CCLM.2003.18214598868
  52. 52. Khaw KT, Wareham N, Luben R, Bingham S, Oakes S, Welch A, et al. Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ 2001; 322: 1–6.10.1136/bmj.322.7277.152659911141143
  53. 53. Schmitz KH, Jacobs DR Jr, Leon AS, Schreiner PJ, Sternfeld B. Physical activity and body weight: associations over ten years in the CARDIA study. Coronary artery risk development in young adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1475-87.10.1038/sj.ijo.080141511126345
  54. 54. Di Pietro L1, Dziura J, Blair SN. Estimated change in physical activity level (PAL) and prediction of 5-year weight change in men: the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28(12): 1541-7.10.1038/sj.ijo.080282115543159
  55. 55. Haapanen N, Miilunpalo S, Pasanen M, Oja P, Vuori I. Association between leisure time physical activity and 10-year body mass change among working-aged men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 288-96.10.1038/sj.ijo.08004039130026
  56. 56. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41(2): 459-71.10.1249/MSS.0b013e318194933319127177
  57. 57. Fogelholm M. Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review. Obes Rev 2010; 11(3): 202-21.
  58. 58. Williamson DF, Madans J, Anda RF, Kleinman JC, Kahn HS, Byers T. Recreational physical activity and ten-year weight change in a US national cohort. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993; 17: 279-86.
  59. 59. Lee IM, Djousse L, Sesso HD, Wang L, Buring JE. Physical activity and weight gain prevention. JAMA 2010; 303: 1173-9.10.1001/jama.2010.312284654020332403
  60. 60. Mekary RA, Feskanich D, Malspeis S, Hu FB, Willett WC, Field AE. Physical activity patterns and prevention of weight gain in premenopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33: 1039-47.10.1038/ijo.2009.127274645219546868
  61. 61. Vaughan L, Zurlo F, Ravussin E. Aging and energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 821–5.10.1093/ajcn/53.4.8212008859
  62. 62. Williams MJ, Hunter GR, Kekes-Szabo T, Snyder S, Treuth MS. Regional fat distribution in women and risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 855–60.10.1093/ajcn/65.3.8559062540
  63. 63. Hunter GR, Kekes-Szabo T, Snyder SW, Nicholson C, Nyikos I, Berland L. Fat distribution, physical activity, and cardiovascular risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 362–9.10.1097/00005768-199703000-000119139175
  64. 64. Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsk K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nature Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 85–97.10.1038/nri2921351803121252989
  65. 65. Wilund KR. Is the anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise responsible for reduced cardiovascular disease? Clin Sci 2007; 112: 543-55.
  66. 66. Mathur N, Pedersen BK. Exercise as a mean to control low-grade systemic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2008; 2008: 109502.10.1155/2008/109502261583319148295
  67. 67. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98: 1154–62.10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.200415772055
  68. 68. Park YM, Myers M, Vieira-Potter VJ. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: role of exercise. Mo Med 2014; 111(1): 65-72.
  69. 69. Bruunsgaard H. Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammation. J Leukocyte Biol 2005; 78: 819–35.10.1189/jlb.050524716033812
  70. 70. Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11(9): 607-15.10.1038/nri304121818123
  71. 71. Plaisance EP, Grandjean PW. Physical activity and highsensitivity C-reactive protein. Sports Med 2006; 36(5): 443–58.10.2165/00007256-200636050-0000616646631
  72. 72. Fallon KE, Fallon SK, Boston T. The acute phase response and exercise: court and field sports. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35(3): 170-3.10.1136/bjsm.35.3.170172433711375875
  73. 73. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1563–9.10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.07715893167
  74. 74. Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, et al. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of β-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immunol 2006; 20: 201–9.10.1016/j.bbi.2005.12.00216504463
  75. 75. Glass CK, Witztum JL. Atherosclerosis. The road ahead. Cell 2001; 104: 503–16.
  76. 76. Meilhac O, Ramachandran S, Chiang K, Santanam N, Parthasarathy S. Role of arterial wall antioxidant defense in beneficial effects of exercise on atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 1681–8.10.1161/hq1001.09710611597945
  77. 77. Vollaard NB, Shearman JP, Cooper CE. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: myths, realities and physiological relevance. Sports Med 2005; 35: 1045–62.10.2165/00007256-200535120-0000416336008
  78. 78. Galassetti PR, Nemet D, Pescatello A, Rose-Gottron C, Larson J, Cooper DM. Exercise, caloric restriction, and systemic oxidative stress. J Invest Med 2006; 54: 67–75.10.2310/6650.2005.0502416472476
  79. 79. Richter B, Niessner A, Penka M, et al. Endurance training reduces circulating asymmetric dimethylarginine and myeloperoxidase levels in persons at risk of coronary events. Thromb Haemostasis 2005; 94: 1306–11.10.1160/TH05-03-015816411410
  80. 80. Brennan ML, Penn MS, Van Lente F, et al. Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1595–1604.10.1056/NEJMoa03500314573731
  81. 81. Patrono C, FitzGerald GA. Isoprostanes: potential markers of oxidant stress in atherothrombotic disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 2309–15.10.1161/01.ATV.17.11.2309
  82. 82. Golbidi S, Laher I. Exercise and the aging endothelium. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013: 789607.10.1155/2013/789607374738723984434
  83. 83. Tanaka H, DeSouza CA, Seals DR. Absence of age-related increase in central arterial stiffness in physically active women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 127–32.10.1161/01.ATV.18.1.127
  84. 84. Edwards DG, Schofield RS, Magyari PM, Nichols WW, Braith RW. Effect of exercise training on central aortic pressure wave reflection in coronary artery disease. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 540–3.10.1016/j.amjhyper.2003.12.00115177529
  85. 85. Taddei S, Galetta F, Virdis A, et al. Physical activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation 2000; 101(25): 2896–901.10.1161/01.CIR.101.25.2896
  86. 86. Green DJ, O’Driscoll G, Joyner MJ, Cable NT. Exercisea nd cardiovascular risk reduction: Time to update rationale for exercise. J Appl Physiol 2008; 105: 766-8.10.1152/japplphysiol.01028.2007411640318174390
  87. 87. Bertovic DA, Waddell TK, Gatzka CD, Cameron JD, Dart AM, Kingwell BA. Muscular strength training is associated with low arterial compliance and high pulse pressure. Hypertension 1999; 33: 1385–91.10.1161/01.HYP.33.6.1385
  88. 88. Hayashi K, Sugawara J, Komine H, Maeda S, Yokoi T. Effects of aerobic exercise training on stiffness of central and peripheral arteries in middle-aged sedentary men. Jpn J Physiol 2005; 55: 235–9.10.2170/jjphysiol.S211616248931
  89. 89. Rakobowchuk M, McGowan CL, de Groot PC, Bruinsma D, Hartman JW, Phillips SM, et al. Effect of whole body resistance training on arterial compliance in young men. Exp Physiol 2005; 90: 645–51.10.1113/expphysiol.2004.02950415849230
  90. 90. Prasad DS, Das BC. Physical inactivity: a cardiovascular risk factor Indian J Med Sci 2009; 63(1): 33-42.
  91. 91. Thompson WR, Gordon NF, Pescatello LS, et al. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
  92. 92. World Health Organisation: Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva; 2010:60.
  93. 93. Wisløff U, Ellingsen Ø, Kemi OJ. High-intensity interval training to maximize cardiac benefits of exercise training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2009; 37(3): 139-46.10.1097/JES.0b013e3181aa65fc19550205
  94. 94. Wisloff U, Nilsen TI, Droyvold WB, Morkved S, Slordahl SA, Vatten LJ. A single weekly bout of exercise may reduce cardiovascular mortality: how little pain for cardiac gain? The HUNT study, Norway. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006;13: 798Y804.10.1097/01.hjr.0000216548.84560.ac17001221
  95. 95. Lee IM, Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Physical activity and coronary heart disease risk in men: does the duration of exercise episodes predict risk? Circulation 2000; 102: 981-6.
  96. 96. Bassuk SS, Manson JE. Physical activity and health in women a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Am J Lifestyle Med 2014, 8(3): 144-58.10.1177/1559827613510870
  97. 97. Hamer M, Chida Y. Active commuting and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analytic review. Prev Med 2008; 46: 9-13.10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.03.00617475317
  98. 98. Boone-Heinonen J, Evenson KR, Taber DR, Gordon-Larsen P. Walking for prevention of cardiovascular disease in men and women: a systematic review of observational studies. Obesity Reviews 2008; 10: 204-17.10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00533.x278293819207874
  99. 99. Zheng H, Orsini N, Amin J, Wolk A, Nguyen VTT, Ehrlich F. Quantifying the dose-response of walking in reducing coronary heart disease risk: meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 24: 181-92.10.1007/s10654-009-9328-919306107
  100. 100. Hoevenaar-Blom MP, Wendel-Vos GCV, Spijkerman AMW, Kromhout D, Verschuren WMM. Cycling and sports, but not walking, are associated with 10-year cardiovascular disease incidence: the MORGEN study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011; 18: 41-7.10.1097/HJR.0b013e32833bfc8720543701
  101. 101. Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu XO, et al. Influence of exercise, walking, cycling, and overall nonexercise physical activity on mortality in Chinese women. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165: 1343-50.10.1093/aje/kwm08817478434
  102. 102. Meyer P, Kayser B, Mach F. Stair use for cardiovascular disease prevention. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009; 16: S17-8.10.1097/01.hjr.0000359230.73270.2e19675430
  103. 103. Kodama S, Kazumi S, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009; 301: 2024-35.10.1001/jama.2009.68119454641
  104. 104. Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. Circulation 2007; 116: 572-84.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.18521417638929
  105. 105. Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA 2002; 288: 1994-2000.10.1001/jama.288.16.199412387651
  106. 106. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1423–34.10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b2717762377
  107. 107. Pollock ML, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, et al. AHA Science Advisory: resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: benefits, rationale, safety, and prescription: an advisory from the Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association; Position paper endorsed by the American College of Sports Medicine. Circulation 2000; 101: 828–33.10.1161/01.CIR.101.7.828
  108. 108. Franklin BA. American College of Sports Medicine guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 7th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
  109. 109. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1206-52.10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c214656957
  110. 110. Rogers MW, Probst MM, Gruber JJ, Berger R, Boone JB Jr. Differential effects of exercise training intensity on blood pressure and cardiovascular responses to stress in borderline hypertensive humans. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 1369-75.10.1097/00004872-199611000-000178934367
  111. 111. Kukkonen K, Rauramaa R, Voutilainen E, Lansimies E. Physical training of middle aged men with borderline hypertension. Ann Clin Res 1982; 14(suppl 34): 139-45.
  112. 112. Söderlund A, Fischer A, Johansson T. Physical activity, diet and behaviour modification in the treatment of overweight and obese adults: a systematic review. Perspect Public Health 2009; 129: 1132-42.10.1177/175791390809480519514637
  113. 113. Brown T, Avenell A, Edmunds LD, et al. Systematic review of long-term lifestyle interventions to prevent weight gain and morbidity in adults. Obes Rev 2009; 10: 627-38.10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00641.x19754634
  114. 114. Wu T, Gao X, Chen M, van Dam RM. Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2009; 10: 313-23.10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00547.x19175510
  115. 115. Mitchell H, Whaley P. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2006.
  116. 116. Dahabreh IJ, Paulus JK. Association of episodic physical and sexual activity with triggering of acute cardiac events: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011; 305: 1225-33.10.1001/jama.2011.336547933121427375
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0049 | Journal eISSN: 2956-2090 | Journal ISSN: 2956-0454
Language: English
Page range: 99 - 109
Submitted on: Mar 22, 2016
|
Accepted on: Jul 3, 2016
|
Published on: May 29, 2017
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2017 Vladimir Jakovljevic, Dusica Djordjevic, published by University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.