References
- Fisher RS, Boas WVE, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia 2005; 46: 470-47. 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x
- WHO. Neurological disorders: public health challenges. Available at: http://www.who.int/mental_health/publications/neurological_disorders_ph_challenges [citated 2016 Feb 22]. p. 56-69. ISBN: 978 92 4 156336 9
- Lerche H, Vezzani A, Beck H, Blümcke I, Weber Y, Elger C. [New developments in epileptogenesis and therapeutic perspectives]. [German]. Nervenarzt 2011; 82: 978-85. 10.1007/s00115-011-3260-4
- Berg AT. Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure. Epilepsia 2008; 49: 13-18. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01444.x
- Pitkänen A, Sutula TP. Is epilepsy a progressive disorder? Prospects for new therapeutic approaches in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002; 1: 173-81. 10.1016/S1474-4422(02)00073-X
- Ravizza T, Boer K, Redeker S, Spliet WGM, Van Rijen PC, Troost D, et al. The IL-1β system in epilepsy-associated malformations of cortical development. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 24: 128-43. 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.06.003
- Vezzani A, Aronica E, Mazarati A, Pittman QJ. Epilepsy and brain inflammation. Exp Neurol 2013; 13: 11-21. 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.033
- Vezzani A. Epilepsy and inflammation in the brain: Overview and pathophysiology. Epilepsy Curr 2014; 14(Suppl. 2): 3-7. 10.5698/1535-7511-14.s2.3
- Vezzani A. Finding the epileptogenesis switch. Nat Med 2012; 11: 1626-7. 10.1038/nm.2982
- Librizzi L, Noè F, Vezzani A, de Curtis M, Ravizza T. Seizure-induced brain-borne inflammation sustains seizure recurrence and blood–brain barrier damage. Ann Neurol 2012; 72: 82-90. 10.1002/ana.23567
- Turrin NP, Rivest S. Innate immune reaction in response to seizures: implications for the neuropathology associated with epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16: 321-34. 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.03.010
- Kan AA, de Jager W, de Wit M, Heijnen C, van Zuiden M, Ferrier C, et al. Protein expression profiling of inflammatory mediators in human temporal lobe epilepsy reveals co-activation of multiple chemokines and cytokines. J Neuroinflamm 2012; 9: 207-29. 10.1186/1742-2094-9-207
- Bauer S, Cepok S, Todorova-Rudolph A, Nowak M, Köller M, Lorenz R, et al. Etiology and site of temporal lobe epilepsy influence postictal cytokine release. Epilepsy Res 2009; 86: 82-8. 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.05.009
- Lehtimäki KA, Keränen T, Palmio J, Mäkinen R, Hurme M, Honkaniemi J, et al. Increased plasma levels of cytokines after seizures in localisation-related epilepsy. Acta Neur Scan 2007; 116: 226-30. 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00882.x
- Liimatainen S, Fallah M, Kharazmi E, Peltola M, Peltola J. Interleukin-6 levels are increased in temporal lobe epilepsy, but not in extratemporal lobe epilepsy. Jour Neurol 2009; 256: 796-802. 10.1007/s00415-009-5021-x
- Wintermark M, Reichhart M, Thiran J P, Maeder P, Chalaron M, Schnyder P, et al. Prognostic accuracy of cerebral blood flow measurement by perfusion computed tomography, at the time of emergency room admission, in acute stroke patients. Ann Neurol 2002; 51: 417-32. 10.1002/ana.10136
- Avsenik, J, Bisdas S, Popovic KS. Blood-brain barrier permeability imaging using perfusion computed tomography. Radiol Oncol 2015, 49: 107-14. 10.2478/raon-2014-0029
- Wiest R, von Bredow F, Schindler K, Schauble B, Slotboom J, Brekenfeld C, et al. Detection of regional blood perfusion changes in epileptic seizures with dynamic brain perfusion CT-a pilot study. Epilepsy Res 2006; 72: 2-3. 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.07.017
- Hauf M, Wiest R, Nirkko A, Strozzi S, Federspiel A. Cortical regional hyperperfusion in nonconvulsive status epilepticus measured by dynamic brain perfusion CT. Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30: 693-8. 10.3174/ajnr.A1456
- Fabene PF, Marzola P, Sbarbati A, Bentivoglio M. Magnetic resonance imaging of changes elicited by status epilepticus in the rat brain: diffusion-weighted and T2-weighted images, regional blood volume maps, and direct correlation with tissue and cell damage. Neuroimage 2003; 18: 375-89. 10.1016/S1053-8119(02)00025-3
- Choy M, Cheung KK, Thomas DL, Gadian DG, Lythgoe MF, Scott RC. Quantitative MRI predicts status epilepticus-induced hippocampal injury in the lithium–pilocarpine rat model. Epilepsy Res 2010; 88: 221-30. 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.11.013
- Harris S, Boorman L, Bruyns-Haylett M, Kennerley A, Ma H, Zhao M, et al. Contralateral dissociation between neural activity and cerebral blood volume during recurrent acute focal neocortical seizures. Epilepsia 2014; 55: 1423-30. 10.1111/epi.12726
- Zhao M, Nguyen J, Ma H, Nishimura N, Schaffer C B, Schwartz TH. Preictal and ictal neurovascular and metabolic coupling surrounding a seizure focus. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 13292-300. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2597-11.2011
- Leonhardt G, De Greiff A, Weber J, Ludwig T, Wiedemayer H, Forsting M, et al. Brain perfusion following single seizures. Epilepsia 2005; 46: 1943-9. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00336.x
- Fabene PF, Laudanna C, Constantin G. Leukocyte trafficking mechanisms in epilepsy. Mol Imunol 2013; 55: 100-4. 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.009
- Pizzini FB, Farace P, Manganotti P, Zoccatelli G, Bongiovanni LG, Golay X, et al. Cerebral perfusion alterations in epileptic patients during peri- ictal and post- ictal phase: PASL vs. DSC-MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31: 1001-5. 10.1016/j.mri.2013.03.023
- Matsuura K, Maeda M, Okamoto K, Araki T, Miura Y, Hamada K, et al. Usefulness of arterial spin-labeling images in periictal state diagnosis of epilepsy. Jour Neurol Sci 2015; 359: 424-9. 10.1016/j.jns.2015.10.009
- O’Donoghue MF, Duncan JS, Sander JW. The National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale: a further development of the Chalfont Seizure Severity Scale. Epilepsia 1996; 37: 563-7. 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00610.x
- Engel J Jr. ILAE Classification of epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsy Res 2006; 70: S5-10. 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.014
- Spampinato MV, Wooten C, Dorlon M, Besenski N, Rumboldt Z. Comparison of first-pass and second-bolus dynamic susceptibility perfusion MRI in brain tumors. Neuroradiology 2006; 48: 867-74. 10.1007/s00234-006-0134-8
- Wetzel SG, Cha S, Johnson G, Lee P, Law M, Kasow DL, et al. Relative cerebral blood volume measurements in intracranial mass lesions: interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility study. Radiology 2002; 224: 797-803. 10.1148/radiol.2243011014
- Alapirtti T, Rinta S, Hulkkonen J, Mäkinen R, Keränen T, Peltola J. Interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1beta production in patients with focal epilepsy: a video–EEG study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 280: 94-7. 10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.355
- Nowak M, Bauer S, Haag A, Cepok S, Todorova-Rudolph A, Tackenberg B, et al. Interictal alterations of cytokines and leukocytes in patients with active epilepsy. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25: 423-9. 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.022
- Sinha S, Patil SA, Jayalekshmy V, Satishchandra P. Do cytokines have any role in epilepsy? Epilepsy Res 2008; 82: 171-6. 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.07.018
- Vezzani A, Friedman A. Brain inflammation as a biomarker in epilepsy. Biomark Med 2011; 5: 607-14. 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.033
- Peltola J, Laaksonen J, Haapala AM, Hurme M, Rainesalo S, Keränen T. Indicators of inflammation after recent tonic-clonic seizures correlate with plasma interleukin-6 levels. Seizure 2002; 11: 44-6. 10.1053/seiz.2001.0575
- Maroso M, Balosso S, Ravizza T, Liu J, Aronica E, Iyer AM. Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures. Nat Med 2010; 16: 413-9. 10.1038/nm.2127
- Seiffert E, Dreier JP, Ivens S, Bechmann I, Tomkins O, Heinemann U, et al. Lasting blood-brain barrier disruption induces epileptic focus in the rat somatosensory cortex. Jour Neurosci 2004; 24: 7829-36. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1751-04.2004