Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Gamma-enolase: a well-known tumour marker, with a less-known role in cancer Cover

Gamma-enolase: a well-known tumour marker, with a less-known role in cancer

Radiology and Oncology
Volume 49 (2015): Issue 3 (September 2015)
By:  and    
Open Access
|Aug 2015
References

References

  1. 1. Pancholi V. Multifunctional alpha-enolase: its role in diseases.2001;902-20.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  2. 2. Kim JW, Dang CV. Multifaceted roles of glycolytic enzymes.2005;142-50.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  3. 3. Masoudi-Nejad A, Asgari Y. Metabolic cancer biology: Structural-based analysis of cancer as a metabolic disease, new sights and opportunities for disease treatment.2015;21-9.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  4. 4. Dang CV, Semenza GL. Oncogenic alterations of metabolism.1999;68-72.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  5. 5. McAlister L, Holland MJ. Targeted deletion of a yeast enolase structural gene. Identification and isolation of yeast enolase isozymes.1982;7181-8.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  6. 6. Diaz-Ramos A, Roig-Borrellas A, Garcia-Melero A, Lopez-Alemany R. Alpha-enolase, a multifunctional protein: its role on pathophysiological situations.2012;156795
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  7. 7. Hattori T, Takei N, Mizuno Y, Kato K, Kohsaka S. Neurotrophic and neuro-protective effects of neuron-specific enolase on cultured neurons from embryonic rat brain.1995;191-8.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  8. 8. Suresh MR. Cancer Markers. In: Wild D, editor.. Third edition. Oxford, UK: Elsevier; 2005. p. 664-94.
    Search in Google Scholar
  9. 9. Marangos PJ, Parma AM, Goodwin FK. Functional properties of neuronal and glial isoenzymes of brain enolase.1978;727-32.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  10. 10. Fletcher L, Rider CC, Taylor CB. Enolase isoenzymes: III. Chromatographic and immunological characteristics of rat brain enolase.1976;245-52.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  11. 11. Giallongo A, Feo S, Moore R, Croce CM, Showe LC. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA for human alpha enolase.1986;6741-5.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  12. 12. Feo S, Oliva D, Barbieri G, Xu WM, Fried M, Giallongo A. The gene for the muscle-specific enolase is on the short arm of human chromosome 17.1990;192-4.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  13. 13. Lebioda L, Stec B. Mapping of isozymic differences in enolase.1991;97-100.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  14. 14. Faller LD, Johnson AM. Calorimetric studies of the role of magnesium ions in yeast enolase catalysis.1974;1083-7.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  15. 15. Brewer JM. Specificity and mechanism of action of metal ions in yeast enolase.1985;8-14.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  16. 16. Vallee BL. Zinc and metalloenzymes.1955;317-84.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  17. 17. Faller LD, Baroudy BM, Johnson AM, Ewall RX. Magnesium ion requirements for yeast enolase activity.1977;3864-9.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  18. 18. Brewer JM. Yeast enolase: mechanism of activation by metal ions.1981;209-54.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  19. 19. Brewer JM, Ellis PD. 31P-nmr studies of the effect of various metals on substrate binding to yeast enolase.1983;71-82.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  20. 20. Ko-Jiunn L, Neng-Yao S. The role of enolase in tissue invasion and metastasis of pathogens and tumor cells.2007;45-8.
    Search in Google Scholar
  21. 21. Ghosh AK, Steele R, Ray RB. Functional domains of c-myc promoter binding protein 1 involved in transcriptional repression and cell growth regulation.1999;2880-6.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  22. 22. Feo S, Arcuri D, Piddini E, Passantino R, Giallongo A. ENO1 gene product binds to the c-myc promoter and acts as a transcriptional repressor: relationship with Myc promoter-binding protein 1 (MBP-1).2000;47-52.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  23. 23. Capello M, Ferri-Borgogno S, Cappello P, Novelli F. Alpha-Enolase: a promising therapeutic and diagnostic tumor target.2011;1064-74.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  24. 24. Mears R, Craven RA, Hanrahan S, Totty N, Upton C, Young SL, et al. Proteomic analysis of melanoma-derived exosomes by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.2004;4019-31.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  25. 25. Yu X, Harris SL, Levine AJ. The regulation of exosome secretion: a novel function of the p53 protein.2006;4795-801.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  26. 26. Cappello P, Tomaino B, Chiarle R, Ceruti P, Novarino A, Castagnoli C, et al. An integrated humoral and cellular response is elicited in pancreatic cancer by alpha-enolase, a novel pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-associated antigen.2009;639-48.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  27. 27. He P, Naka T, Serada S, Fujimoto M, Tanaka T, Hashimoto S, et al. Proteomics-based identification of alpha-enolase as a tumor antigen in non-small lung cancer.2007;1234-40.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  28. 28. Seweryn E, Pietkiewicz J, Bednarz-Misa IS, Ceremuga I, Saczko J, Kulbacka J, et al. Localization of enolase in the subfractions of a breast cancer cell line.2009;754-8.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  29. 29. Nakajima K, Hamanoue M, Takemoto N, Hattori T, Kato K, Kohsaka S. Plasminogen binds specifically to alpha-enolase on rat neuronal plasma membrane.1994;2048-57.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  30. 30. Miles LA, Dahlberg CM, Plescia J, Felez J, Kato K, Plow EF. Role of cell-surface lysines in plasminogen binding to cells: identification of .alpha.-enolase as a candidate plasminogen receptor.1991;1682-91.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  31. 31. Dudani AK, Cummings C, Hashemi S, Ganz PR. Isolation of a novel 45 kDa plasminogen receptor from human endothelial cells.1993;185-96.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  32. 32. Redlitz A, Fowler BJ, Plow EF, Miles LA. The role of an enolase-related molecule in plasminogen binding to cells.1995;407-15.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  33. 33. Merkulova T, Lucas M, Jabet C, Lamandé N, Rouzeau JD, Gros F, et al. Biochemical characterization of the mouse muscle-specific enolase: developmental changes in electrophoretic variants and selective binding to other proteins.1997;791-800.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  34. 34. Keller A, Demeurie J, Merkulova T, Geraud G, Cywiner-Golenzer C, Lucas M, et al. Fibre-type distribution and subcellular localisation of alpha and beta enolase in mouse striated muscle.2000;527-35.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  35. 35. Merkulova T, Dehaupas M, Nevers MC, Créminon C, Alameddine H, Keller A. Differential modulation of alpha, beta and gamma enolase isoforms in regenerating mouse skeletal muscle.2000;3735-43.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  36. 36. Royds JA, Variend S, Timperley WR, Taylor CB. An investigation of beta enolase as a histological marker of rhabdomyosarcoma.1984;905-10.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  37. 37. Royds JA, Variend S, Timperley WR, Taylor CB. Comparison of beta enolase and myoglobin as histological markers of rhabdomyosarcoma.1985;1258-60.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  38. 38. Tiainen M, Roine RO, Pettila V, Takkunen O. Serum neuron-specific enolase and S-100B protein in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia.2003;2881-6.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  39. 39. Lamerz R. NSE (neuron-specific enolase) γ-enolase. In: Thomas L, editor.1st. edition. Frankfurt/Main, Germany: TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft; 1998. p. 979-81.
    Search in Google Scholar
  40. 40. Soh MA, Garrett SH, Somji S, Dunlevy JR, Zhou XD, Sens MA, et al. Arsenic, cadmium and neuron specific enolase (ENO2, γ-enolase) expression in breast cancer.2011;41
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  41. 41. Haimoto H, Takahashi Y, Koshikawa T, Nagura H, Kato K. Immunohistochemical localization of gamma-enolase in normal human tissues other than nervous and neuroendocrine tissues.1985;257-63.
    Search in Google Scholar
  42. 42. Vinores SA, Herman MM, Rubinstein LJ. Electron-immunocytochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase in cytoplasm and on membranes of primary and metastatic cerebral tumours and on glial filaments of glioma cells.1986;891-908.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  43. 43. Hafner A, Obermajer N, Kos J. gamma-1-syntrophin mediates trafficking of gamma-enolase towards the plasma membrane and enhances its neurotrophic activity.2010;246-58.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  44. 44. Burack WR, Shaw AS. Signal transduction: hanging on a scaffold.2000;211-6.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  45. 45. Ponting CP, Phillips C, Davies KE, Blake DJ. PDZ domains: targeting signalling molecules to sub-membranous sites.1997;469-79.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  46. 46. Obermajer N, Doljak B, Jamnik P, Fonovic UP, Kos J. Cathepsin X cleaves the C-terminal dipeptide of alpha- and gamma-enolase and impairs survival and neuritogenesis of neuronal cells.2009;1685-96.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  47. 47. McAleese SM, Dunbar B, Fothergill JE, Hinks LJ, Day IN. Complete amino acid sequence of the neurone-specific gamma isozyme of enolase (NSE) from human brain and comparison with the non-neuronal alpha form (NNE).1988;413-7.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  48. 48. Butterfield DA, Lange ML. Multifunctional roles of enolase in Alzheimer’s disease brain: beyond altered glucose metabolism.2009;915-33.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  49. 49. Soh M, Dunlevy JR, Garrett SH, Allen C, Sens DA, Zhou XD, et al. Increased neuron specific enolase expression by urothelial cells exposed to or malignantly transformed by exposure to Cdor As.2012;66-74.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  50. 50. Yan T, Skaftnesmo KO, Leiss L, Sleire L, Wang J, Li X, et al. Neuronal markers are expressed in human gliomas and NSE knockdown sensitizes glioblastoma cells to radiotherapy and temozolomide.2011;524
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  51. 51. Loja T, Chlapek P, Kuglik P, Pesakova M, Oltova A, Cejpek P, et al. Characterization of a GM7 glioblastoma cell line showing CD133 positivity and both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of nestin.2009;119-27.
    Search in Google Scholar
  52. 52. Splinter TA, Verkoelen CF, Vlastuin M, Kok TC, Rijksen G, Haglid KG, et al. Distinction of two different classes of small-cell lung cancer cell lines by enzymatically inactive neuron-specific enolase.1992;1065-9.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  53. 53. Kroemer G, Pouyssegur J. Tumor cell metabolism: cancer’s Achilles’ heel.2008;472-82.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  54. 54. Vesselle H, Schmidt RA, Pugsley JM, Li M, Kohlmyer SG, Vallires E, et al. Lung cancer proliferation correlates with [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by positron emission tomography.2000;3837-44.
    Search in Google Scholar
  55. 55. Porporato PE, Dhup S, Dadhich RK, Copetti T, Sonveaux P. Anticancer targets in the glycolytic metabolism of tumors: a comprehensive review.2011;49
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  56. 56. Golpour M, Akhavan Niaki H, Khorasani HR, Hajian A, Mehrasa R, Mostafazadeh A. Human fibroblast switches to anaerobic metabolic pathway in response to serum starvation: a mimic of warburg effect.2014;74-80.
    Search in Google Scholar
  57. 57. Wu C-A, Chao Y, Shiah S-G, Lin W-W. Nutrient deprivation induces the Warburg effect through ROS/AMPK-dependent activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.2013;1147-56.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  58. 58. Jang SM, Kim JW, Kim CH, Kim D, Rhee S, Choi KH. p19(ras) Represses proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer possibly through interaction with Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE).2010;91-8..
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  59. 59. Amoêdo Ní D, Valencia J P, Rodrigues M F, Galina A, Rumjanek F D. How does the metabolism of tumour cells differ from that of normal cells.. 2013;e00080.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  60. 60. Sedoris KC, Thomas SD, Miller DM. Hypoxia induces differential translation of enolase/MBP-1.2010;157
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  61. 61. Vinores SA, Bonnin JM, Rubinstein LJ, Marangos PJ. Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron-specific enolase in neoplasms of the CNS and other tissues.1984;536-40.
    Search in Google Scholar
  62. 62. Vinores SA, Marangos PJ, Bonnin JM, Rubinstein LJ. Immunoradiometric and immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron-specific enolase in experimental rat gliomas.1984;2595-9.
    Search in Google Scholar
  63. 63. Kondoh H, Lleonart ME, Bernard D, Gil J. Protection from oxidative stress by enhanced glycolysis; a possible mechanism of cellular immortalization.2007;85-90.
    Search in Google Scholar
  64. 64. Pelicano H, Martin DS, Xu RH, Huang P. Glycolysis inhibition for anticancer treatment.2006;4633-46.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  65. 65. Takei N, Kondo J, Nagaike K, Ohsawa K, Kato K, Kohsaka S. Neuronal survival factor from bovine brain is identical to neuron-specific enolase.1991;1178-84.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  66. 66. Hafner A, Glavan G, Obermajer N, Zivin M, Schliebs R, Kos J. Neuroprotective role of gamma-enolase in microglia in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease is regulated by cathepsin X.2013;604-14.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  67. 67. Hattori T, Ohsawa K, Mizuno Y, Kato K, Kohsaka S. Synthetic peptide corresponding to 30 amino acids of the C-terminal of neuron-specific enolase promotes survival of neocortical neurons in culture.1994;25-30.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  68. 68. Hafner A, Obermajer N, Kos J. gamma-Enolase C-terminal peptide promotes cell survival and neurite outgrowth by activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signalling pathways.2012;439-50.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  69. 69. Pišlar AH, Kos J. C-terminal peptide of gamma-enolase impairs amyloid-beta-induced apoptosis through p75(NTR) signaling.2013;623-35.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  70. 70. Wendt W, Zhu X-R, Lübbert H, Stichel CC. Differential expression of cathepsin X in aging and pathological central nervous system of mice.2007;525-40.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  71. 71. Kos J, Vižin T, Fonović UP, Pišlar A. Intracellular signaling by cathepsin X: Molecular mechanisms and diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities in cancer.2015;: 76-83.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  72. 72. Amberger-Murphy V. Hypoxia helps glioma to fight therapy.2009;381-90.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  73. 73. Levin VA, Panchabhai SC, Shen L, Kornblau SM, Qiu Y, Baggerly KA. Different changes in protein and phosphoprotein levels result from serum starvation of high-grade glioma and adenocarcinoma cell lines.2010;179-91.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  74. 74. Levin VA, Panchabhai S, Shen L, Baggerly KA. Protein and phosphoprotein levels in glioma and adenocarcinoma cell lines grown in normoxia and hypoxia in monolayer and three-dimensional cultures.2012;5
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  75. 75. Yan T, Skaftnesmo KO, Leiss L, Sleire L, Wang J, Li X, et al. Neuronal markers are expressed in human gliomas and NSE knockdown sensitizes.2011;524
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  76. 76. Yamaguchi H, Condeelis J. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in cancer cell migration and invasion.2007;642-52.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  77. 77. Walsh JL, Keith TJ, Knull HR. Glycolytic enzyme interactions with tubulin and microtubules.1989;64-70.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  78. 78. Trojanowicz B, Winkler A, Hammje K, Chen Z, Sekulla C, Glanz D, et al. Retinoic acid-mediated down-regulation of ENO1/MBP-1 gene products caused decreased invasiveness of the follicular thyroid carcinoma cell lines.2009;249-60.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  79. 79. Georges E, Bonneau AM, Prinos P. RNAi-mediated knockdown of alpha-enolase increases the sensitivity of tumor cells to antitubulin chemotherapeutics.2011;303-8.
    Search in Google Scholar
  80. 80. Kasprzak A, Zabel M, Biczysko W. Selected markers (chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, protein gene product 9.5) in diagnosis and prognosis of neuroendocrine pulmonary tumours.2007;23-33.
    Search in Google Scholar
  81. 81. Tapia FJ, Polak JM, Barbosa AJ, Bloom SR, Marangos PJ, Dermody C, et al. Neuron-specific enolase is produced by neuroendocrine tumours.1981;808-11.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  82. 82. Lopez J. Carl A. Burtis, Edward R. In: Ashwood and David E. Bruns, editors.5th edition. St. Louis, USA: Elsevier; 2012.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  83. 83. Stieber P, Hatz R, Holdenrieder S, Molina R, Nap M, von Pawel J, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Guidelines for the use of tumor markers in lung cancer. Section 3P. AACC press; 2006. [citated 2015 Jan 25]. Available at.
    Search in Google Scholar
  84. 84. Hao X, Sun B, Hu L, Lahdesmaki H, Dunmire V, Feng Y, et al. Differential gene and protein expression in primary breast malignancies and their lymph node metastases as revealed by combined cDNA microarray and tissue microarray analysis.2004;1110-22.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  85. 85. Miremadi A, Pinder SE, Lee AH, Bell JA, Paish EC, Wencyk P, et al. Neuroendocrine differentiation and prognosis in breast adenocarcinoma.2002;215-22.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  86. 86. Sawaki M, Yokoi K, Nagasaka T, Watanabe R, Kagawa C, Takada H, et al. Prognostic importance of neuroendocrine differentiation in Japanese breast cancer patients.2010;831-5.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  87. 87. Allen FJ, Van Velden DJ, Heyns CF. Are neuroendocrine cells of practical value as an independent prognostic parameter in prostate cancer?1995;751-4.
    Search in Google Scholar
  88. 88. Marangos PJ, Schmechel DE. Neuron specific enolase, a clinically useful marker for neurons and neuroendocrine cells.1987;269-95.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  89. 89. Rundgren M, Cronberg T, Friberg H, Isaksson A. Serum neuron specific enolase - impact of storage and measuring method.2014;726
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  90. 90. Yuan SM. Biomarkers of cerebral injury in cardiac surgery.2014;638-45.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  91. 91. Sturgeon C. Practice guidelines for tumor marker use in the clinic.2002;1151-9.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  92. 92. Fujiwara H, Arima N, Ohtsubo H, Matsumoto T, Kukita T, Kawada H, et al. Clinical significance of serum neuron-specific enolase in patients with adult T-cell leukemia.2002;80-4.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  93. 93. Wang L, Liu P, Chen X, Geng Q, Lu Y. Serum neuron-specific enolase is correlated with clinical outcome of patients with non-germinal center B cell-like subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy.2012;2153-8.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  94. 94. Lorenz J, Dippold W. Neuron-specific enolase-a serum marker for malignant melanoma.1989;1754-5.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  95. 95. Ro C, Chai W, Yu VE, Yu R. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis, and treatment.2013;312-24.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  96. 96. Massironi S, Sciola V, Peracchi M, Ciafardini C, Spampatti MP, Conte D. Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastro-entero-pancreatic system.2008;5377-84.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  97. 97. DeYoung C, Edelman M. Prognostic Factors for Small-Cell Lung Cancer. In: Syrigos K, Nutting C, Roussos C, editors.Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. p. 189-97.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  98. 98. Sturgeon CM, Duffy MJ, Stenman UH, Lilja H, Brunner N, Chan DW, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines for use of tumor markers in testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers.2008;e11-79.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  99. 99. Lamberts SWJ, Hofland LJ, Nobels FRE. Neuroendocrine tumor markers.2001;309-39.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  100. 100. Riley RD, Heney D, Jones DR, Sutton AJ, Lambert PC, Abrams KR, et al. A systematic review of molecular and biological tumor markers in neuroblastoma.2004;4-12.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  101. 101. Johnsson P, Blomquist S, Lührs C, Malmkvist G, Alling C, Solem J-O, et al. Neuron-specific enolase increases in plasma during and immediately after extracorporeal circulation.2000;750-4.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  102. 102. Ramont L, Thoannes H, Volondat A, Chastang F, Millet MC, Maquart FX. Effects of hemolysis and storage condition on neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in cerebrospinal fluid and serum: implications in clinical practice.2005;1215-7.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  103. 103. Marangos PJ, Campbell IC, Schmechel DE, Murphy DL, Goodwin FK. Blood platelets contain a neuron-specific enolase subunit.1980;1254-8.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  104. 104. Trape J, Filella X, Alsina-Donadeu M, Juan-Pereira L, Bosch-Ferrer A, Rigo-Bonnin R. Increased plasma concentrations of tumour markers in the absence of neoplasia.2011;1605-20.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  105. 105. Collazos J, Esteban C, Fernandez A, Genolla J. Measurement of the serum tumor marker neuron-specific enolase in patients with benign pulmonary diseases.1994;143-5.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  106. 106. Filella X, Cases A, Molina R, Jo J, Bedini JL, Revert L, et al. Tumor markers in patients with chronic renal failure.1990;85-8.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  107. 107. DeGiorgio CM, Gott PS, Rabinowicz AL, Heck CN, Smith TD, Correale JD. Neuron-specific enolase, a marker of acute neuronal injury, is increased in complex partial status epilepticus.1996;606-9.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  108. 108. Strachan MW, Abraha HD, Sherwood RA, Lammie GA, Deary IJ, Ewing FM, et al. Evaluation of serum markers of neuronal damage following severe hypoglycaemia in adults with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus.1999;5-12.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  109. 109. Collazos J, Genolla J, Ruibal A. Neuron-specific enolase concentrations in serum in benign liver diseases.1991;579-81.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  110. 110. Massabki PS, Silva NP, Lourenco DM, Andrade LE. Neuron specific enolase concentration is increased in serum and decreased in platelets of patients with active systemic sclerosis.2003;2606-12.
    Search in Google Scholar
  111. 111. Petrak J, Ivanek R, Toman O, Cmejla R, Cmejlova J, Vyoral D, et al. Deja vu in proteomics. A hit parade of repeatedly identified differentially expressed proteins.2008;1744-9.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/raon-2015-0035 | Journal eISSN: 1581-3207 | Journal ISSN: 1318-2099
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 217 - 226
Submitted on: May 9, 2015
Accepted on: Jul 13, 2015
Published on: Aug 21, 2015
Published by: Association of Radiology and Oncology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
gamma-enolase,
cancer,
glycolysis,
cell survival,
tumour marker
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Clinical medicine,
Radiology

© 2015 Tjasa Vizin, Janko Kos, published by Association of Radiology and Oncology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 49 (2015): Issue 3 (September 2015)
Previous article
Next article