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Enhancing frost resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete using surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium abietate, and triterpenoid saponins Cover

Enhancing frost resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete using surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium abietate, and triterpenoid saponins

Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

The preparation and test flow chart of AASC.
The preparation and test flow chart of AASC.

Figure 2:

The setting time of AAS with surfactants.
The setting time of AAS with surfactants.

Figure 3:

Mass loss of concrete under different freeze-thaw cycles.
Mass loss of concrete under different freeze-thaw cycles.

Figure 4:

Relative dynamic modulus of elastic under different freeze-thaw cycles.
Relative dynamic modulus of elastic under different freeze-thaw cycles.

Figure 5:

Compressive strength at 28d.
Compressive strength at 28d.

Figure 6:

Compressive strength loss rate.
Compressive strength loss rate.

Figure 7:

Water absorption rate under different freeze-thaw cycles.
Water absorption rate under different freeze-thaw cycles.

Figure 8:

Microstructure analysis of M0 group.
Microstructure analysis of M0 group.

Figure 9:

Microstructure analysis of TS1 group.
Microstructure analysis of TS1 group.

Figure 10:

Logarithmic differential mercury intake curve diagram.
Logarithmic differential mercury intake curve diagram.

Hole structure parameters_

Mix IdTotal porosity (%)Total hole volume (mL/g)Max hole size (nm)Average hole diameter (nm)
M015.180.020540.3026.43
TS117.750.033929.1713.67

Hole size ratio_

Mix IdHole size distribution (%)
<20 nm20–50 nm50–200 nm>200 nm
M021.5128.3625.7424.39
TS138.3535.4215.1811.09

Chemical composition of slag_

OxidesCaOAl2O3 SiO2 MgOFe2O3 TiO2 SO3 MnONa2O
Mass (%)42.614.227.88.090.3781.22.460.4010.55

Testing groups_

Mix IdSurfactant dosages (%)
M00
SDS10.01
SDS20.03
SDS30.05
SDS40.07
SDS50.09
SA10.01
SA20.03
SA30.05
SA40.07
SA50.09
TS10.01
TS20.03
TS30.05
TS40.07
TS50.09
Language: English
Submitted on: Mar 31, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 21, 2025
Published on: Dec 11, 2025
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2025 Xuekun Jiang, Zhirong Jia, Yaoxi Han, Xinyu Yang, Xuejing Wang, Jiantong Wu, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.