References
- Amedeo D., Golledge R.G., Stimson R.J., 2009. Person-environment-behavior research: Investigating activities and experiences in spaces and environments. Guilford Press, New York, London.
- Anderson J., 1971. Space-time budgets and activity studies in urban geography and planning. Environment and Planning 3(4): 353–368.
- Aspinall P., Mavros P., Coyne R., Roe J., 2013. The urban brain: Analysing outdoor physical activity with mobile EEG. British Journal of Sports Medicine, BJSM Online First, published on March 6, 2013 as 10.1136/bjsports–2012–091877 1–7. Available at: http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2013/03/05/bjsports–2012–091877.full (accessed 13 March 2014).
- Bailey C., White C., Pain R., 1999. Evaluating qualitative research, dealing with the tensions between ‘science’ and ‘creativity’. Area 31(2): 169–183.
- Batty M., 2005. Agents, cells, and cities: New representational models for simulating multiscale urban dynamics. Environment and Planning A 37(8): 1373–1394.
- Bennett K., 2002. Interviews and focus groups. In: Shurmer-Smith P. (ed.), Doing cultural geography. Sage, London: 151–162.
- Brannen J., 1992. Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches: An overview. Avebury, Aldershot.
- British Psychological Society, 2009. Code of Ethics and Conduct Guidance. Ethics Committee of the British Psychological Society. Available at: www.bps.org.uk (accessed 11 March 2014).
- Brookfield K., Bloodworth A., Mohan J., 2013. Engaging residents’ groups in planning using focus groups. Proceedings of the ICE – Engineering Sustainability 166(2): 61–74.
- Cameron J., Gibson K., 2005. Participatory action research in a poststructuralist vein. Geoforum 36(3): 315–331.
- Carpiano R.M., 2009. Come take a walk with me: The “go-along” interview as a novel method for studying the implications of place for health and well-being. Health & Place 15: 263–272.
- Chainey S., Ratcliffe J., 2008. GIS and crime mapping. John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex.
- Chebat J.Ch., Gélinas-Chebat C., Therrien K., 2005. Lost in a mall, the effects of gender, familiarity with the shopping mall and the shopping values on shoppers’ wayfinding processes. Journal of Business Research 58(11): 1590–1598.
- Conte R., Hegselmann R., Terna P., 1997. Simulating social phenomena. Springer, Berlin.
- Cope M., Elwood S., 2009. Qualitative GIS. Sage, London.
- Crang M., 2002. Qualitative methods: The new orthodoxy? Progress in Human Geography 26(5): 647–655.
- Creswell J.W., 2003. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage, Thousand Oaks, London.
- DeLyser D., Sui D., 2012. Crossing the qualitative-quantitative divide II: Inventive approaches to big data, mobile methods, and rhythm analysis. Progress in Human Geography 37(2): 293–305.
- Dennis S.F., 2006. Prospects for qualitative GIS at the intersection of youth development and participatory urban planning. Environment and Planning A 38(11): 2039–2054.
- Denzin N.K., 1978. The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. McGraw-Hill, New York.
- Denzin N.K., Lincoln Y.S. (eds), 1994. Handbook of qualitative research. Sage, Thousand Oaks, London.
- Dogu U., Erkip F., 2000. Spatial factors affecting wayfinding and orientation: A case study in a shopping mall. Environment and Behavior 32(6): 731–755.
- Doherty S.T., Noël N., Gosselin M.L., Sirois C., Ueno M., 1999. Moving beyond observed outcomes: Integrating global positioning systems and interactive computer-based travel behavior surveys. Transportation Research E-Circular Washington, D.C. 449–467. Available at: www.trb.org (accessed 11 March 2014).
- Dolins F.L., Mitchell R.W., 2010. Spatial cognition, spatial perception mapping the self and space. University Press, Cambridge.
- Dowling R., 2009. Ethical issues in research. In: Kitchin R., Thrift N. (eds), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Elsevier, Oxford: 595–600.
- Driver F., 2001. Human geography, social science, the arts and the humanities. Area 33(4): 431–434.
- Durham Community Research Team Centre for Social Justice and Community Action, Durham University, 2011. Community-based participatory research: Ethical challenges. Available at: https://www.dur.ac.uk/beacon/social-justice/researchprojects/cbpr/ (accessed 11 March 2014).
- Dziak J.J., Nahum-Shani I., Collins L.M., 2012. Multilevel factorial experiments for developing behavioral interventions: Power, sample size, and resource considerations. Psychological Methods 17(2): 153–175.
- Eck J.E., Liu L., 2008. Contrasting simulated and empirical experiments in crime prevention. Journal of Experimental Criminology 4: 195–213.
- Elgethun K., Fenske R.A., Yost M.G., Palcisko G.J., 2003. Time-location analysis for exposure assessment studies of children using a novel global positioning system instrument. Environmental Health Perspectives 111(1): 115–122.
- Elwood S.A., Martin D.G., 2000. “Placing” interviews: Location and scales of power in qualitative research. The Professional Geographer 52(4): 649–657.
- Evans J., Jones P., 2011. The walking interview: Methodology, mobility and place. Applied Geography 31(2): 849–858.
- Fisher P.A., Ball T.J., 2003. Tribal participatory research: Mechanisms of a collaborative model. American Journal of Community Psychology 32(3/4): 207–216.
- Garling T., Golledge R.G. (eds), 1993. Behavior and environment: Psychological and geographical approaches. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
- Gibson C., Brennan-Horley C., Warren A., 2010. Geographic information technologies for cultural research: Cultural mapping and the prospects of colliding epistemologies. Cultural Trends 19(3): 325–348.
- Golledge R.G., Klatzky R.L., Loomis J.M., Speigle J., Tietz J., 1998. A geographical information system for a GPS-based personal guidance system. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 12(7): 727–749.
- Golledge R.G., Stimson R.J., 1997. Spatial behaviour. A geographic perspective. Guilford Press, New York, London.
- González M.C., Hidalgo C.A., Barabási A.L., 2008. Understanding individual human mobility patterns. Nature 453(5): 779–782.
- Goss J., Leinbach T., 1996. Focus groups as alternative research practice: Experience with transmigrants in Indonesia. Area 28(2): 115–123.
- Greenberg Raanan M., Shoval N., 2014. Mental maps compared to actual spatial behavior using GPS data: A new method for investigating segregation in cities. Cities 36: 28–40. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2013.09.003.
- Hägerstrand T., 1970. What about people in regional science? Papers of Regional Science Association 24: 7–21.
- Hussein A., 2009. The use of triangulation in social sciences research: Can qualitative and quantitative methods be combined? Journal of Comparative Social Work 1: 1–12. Available at: http://www.jcsw.no/?page=issueContent&issue=issue04 (accessed 11 March 2014).
- Ingold T., Lee J., 2008. Ways of walking: Ethnography and practice on foot. Ashgate, London.
- Janarthanam S., Lemon O., Liu X., Bartie P., Mackaness W., Dalmas T., Goetze J., 2012. Integrating location, visibility, and question-answering in a spoken dialogue system for pedestrian city exploration. Paper presented at SemDial 2012 16th Workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue. Paris, France.
- Janarthanam S., Lemon O., Bartie P., Dalmas T., Dickinson A., Liu X., Mackaness W., Webber B., 2013. Evaluating a city exploration dialogue system with integrated question-answering and pedestrian navigation. Paper presented at the Association for Computer Linguistics – ACL 2013, Sofia, Bulgaria.
- Janelle D.G., Goodchild M.F., Klinkenberg B., 1988. Space-time diaries and travel characteristics for different levels of respondent aggregation. Environment and Planning A 20(7): 891–906.
- Jick T.D., 1979. Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly 24: 602–611.
- Kidner D., Higgs G., White S. (eds), 2003. Socio-economic applications of geographic information science (innovations in GIS). Taylor and Francis, London.
- Kindon S., Pain R., Kesby M. (eds), 2007. Participatory action research approaches and methods: Connecting people, participation and place. Routledge, London.
- Kirk R., 1995. Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.
- Kitzinger J., 1995. Introducing focus groups. British Medical Journal 311: 299–302.
- Krueger R.A., Casey M.A., 2008 Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage, London.
- Kwan M.P., 2012. The uncertain geographic context problem. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102(5): 958–968.
- Kwan M.P., Knigge L., 2006. Doing qualitative research using GIS: An oxymoronic endeavor? Environment and Planning A 38(11): 1999–2002.
- Lee H.J., Joh C.H., 2010. Tourism behaviour in Seoul: An analysis of tourism activity sequence using multidimensional sequence alignments. Tourism Geographies 12(4): 487–504
- Li Ch., 2006. User preferences, information transactions and location-based services: A study of urban pedestrian wayfinding. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 30(6): 726–740.
- Liu L., Hou A., Biderman A., Ratti C., 2009. Understanding individual and collective mobility patterns from smart card records: A case study in Shenzhen. 12th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2009.5309662 (accessed 13 March 2014).
- Longhurst R., 2003. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. In: Clifford N.J., Valentine G. (eds), Key methods in geography. Sage, London: 117–132.
- Lowery D.R., Morse W.C., 2013. A qualitative method for collecting spatial data on important places for recreation, livelihoods, and ecological meanings: Integrating focus groups with public participation geographic information systems. Society & Natural Resources 26(12): 1422–1437.
- Mackaness W., Bartie P., Sanchez-Rodilla Espeso C., 2014. The ‘when, how and what’ of text based wayfinding instructions for urban pedestrians. Paper presented at GISRUK 2014 Conference, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
- McKenzie M., Debbage K., 1990. Spatial pattern of visitor behaviour: A case study of the North Carolina Zoological Park. Geographical Bulletin 32(2): 100–109.
- McKercher B., Lau G., 2008. Movement patterns of tourists within a destination. Tourism Geographies 10(3): 355–374.
- Mendoza C., Morén-Alegret R., 2012. Exploring methods and techniques for the analysis of senses of place and migration. Progress in Human Geography 37(6): 762–785.
- Mertens D.M., Ginsberg P.E. (eds), 2008. The handbook of social research ethics. Sage, London.
- Millonig A., Gartner G., 2007. Monitoring pedestrian spatio-temporal behaviour. In: Gottfried B (ed.), Workshop on behaviour monitoring and interpretation BMI 07: 29–42. Available at www.tzi.de (accessed 11 March 2014).
- Miskelly F., 2005. Electronic tracking of patients with dementia and wandering using mobile phone technology. Age and Ageing 34(5): 497–499.
- Moles M., 2008. A walk in thirdspace: Place, methods and walking. Sociological Research Online 13(4). Available at: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/13/4/2.html (accessed 13 March 2014).
- Murakami E., Wagner D.P., 1999. Can using global positioning system (GPS) improve trip reporting? Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 7(2): 149–165.
- Nisbett R.E., Wilson T.D., 1977. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84(3): 231–259.
- Orellana D., Bregt A.K., Ligtenberg A., Wachowicz M., 2012. Exploring visitor movement patterns in natural recreational areas. Tourism Management 33(3): 672–682.
- Orellana D., Wachowicz M., 2011. Exploring patterns of movement suspension in pedestrian mobility. Geographical Analysis 43(3): 241–60.
- Pain R., 2008. Ethical possibilities: Towards participatory ethics. Children’s Geographies 6(1): 104–108.
- Pain R., Francis P., 2003. Reflections on participatory research. Area 35(1): 46–54.
- Pain R., Kindon S., 2007. Participatory geographies. Environment and Planning A, 39(12): 2807–2812.
- Pavlovskaya M., 2006. Theorizing with GIS: A tool for critical geographies? Environment and Planning A 38(11): 2003–2020.
- Pettersson R., Zillinger M., 2011. Time and space in event behaviour: Tracking visitors by GPS. Tourism Geographies 13(1): 1–20.
- Philip L.J., 1998. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to social research in human geography – an impossible mixture? Environment and Planning A 30(2): 261–276.
- Phillips M.L., Hall T.A., Esmen N.A., Lynch R., Johnson D.L., 2001. Use of global positioning system technology to track subject’s location during environmental exposure sampling. Journal of Exposure Analysis & Environmental Epidemiology 11(3): 207–215.
- Pratt G., 2002. Studying immigrants in focus groups. In: Moss P (ed.), Feminist geography in practice. Blackwell, Oxford: 214–229.
- Prince M., Brown S., Heathcote A., 2012. The design and analysis of state-trace experiments. Psychological Methods 17(1): 78–99.
- Quiroga C.A., Bullock D., 1998. Travel time studies with global positioning and geographic information systems: An integrated methodology. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 6(1): 101–127.
- Rainham D., Krewski D., McDowell I., Sawada M., Liekens B., 2008. Development of a wearable global positioning system for place and health research. International Journal of Health Geographics 7(1): 59.
- Ratti C., Pulselli R.M., Williams S., Frenchman D., 2006. Mobile landscapes: Using location data from cell-phones for urban analysis. Environment & Planning B 33(5): 727–748.
- Research Ethics Code of Practice: Summary version 2005, 2008. Children’s Geographies 6(1): 95–108.
- Richardson D.B., Volkow N.D., Kwan M., Kaplan R.M., Goodchild M.F., Croyle R.T., 2013. Spatial turn in health research. Science 339 (6126): 1390–1392.
- Ricketts Hein J., Evans J., Jones P., 2008. Mobile methodologies: Theory, technology and practice. Geography Compass 2: 1266–1285.
- Rocheleau D., 1995. Maps, numbers, text and context: Mixing methods in feminist political ecology. The Professional Geographer 47(4): 458–466.
- Santé I., García A.M., Miranda D., Crecente R., 2010. Cellular automata models for the simulation of real-world urban processes: A review and analysis. Landscape and Urban Planning 96: 108–122.
- Sheller M., Urry J., 2006. The new mobilities paradigm. Environment and Planning A 38(2): 207–226.
- Shoval N., 2008. Tracking technologies and urban analysis. Cities 25(1): 21–28.
- Shoval N., 2010. Monitoring and managing visitors flows in destinations using aggregate GPS data. In Gretzel R.L., Fuchs M. (eds), Information and communication technologies in tourism. Springer, Vienna, New York: 171–184.
- Shoval N., Isaacson M., 2006. Application of tracking technologies to the study of pedestrian spatial behavior. The Professional Geographer 58(2): 172–183.
- Shoval N., Isaacson M., 2007. Tracking tourists in the digital age. Annals of Tourism Research 34(1): 141–159.
- Shoval N., Isaacson M., 2010. Tourist mobility and advanced tracking technologies. Routledge, London.
- Shoval N., Kwan M., Reinau K.H., Harder H., 2014. The shoemaker’s son always goes barefoot: Implementations of GPS and other tracking technologies for geographic research. Geoforum 51: 1–5.
- Song C., Qu Z., Blumm N., Barabási A.L. 2010. Limits of predictability in human mobility. Science 327: 1018–1021.
- Stopher P.R., Wilmot C.G., 2000. Some new approaches to designing household travel surveys-time-use diaries and GPS. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Paper# 00. T. 1163.
- Szalai A., 1972. The use of time: Daily activities of urban and suburban populations in twelve countries. Mouton, Hague, Paris.
- Talen E., 2000. Bottom-up GIS: A new tool for individual and group expression in participatory planning. Journal of American Planning Association 66: 279–294.
- Thornton P.R., Williams A.M., Shaw G., 1997. Revisiting time-space diaries: An exploratory case study of tourist behaviour in Cornwall, England. Environment and Planning A 29(3): 1847–1867.
- Thrift N., 2005. Thorsten Hägerstrand and social theory. Progress in Human Geography 29(3): 337–340.
- Thyer B.A., 2012. Quasi-experimental research designs. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
- Wilkinson S., 1998. Focus groups in feminist research: Power, interaction, and the construction of meaning. Women Studies International Forum 24: 111–125.
- Wolf J., Guensler R., Bachman W., 2001. Elimination of the travel diary: Experiment to derive trip purpose from global positioning system travel data. Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1768(1): 125–134.
- Wolf J., Loechl M., Thompson M., Arce C., 2003. Trip rate analysis in GPS-enhanced personal travel surveys. Transport Survey Quality and Innovation 28: 483–98.
- Wylie J., 2005. A single day’s walking: Narrating self and landscape on the South West Coast Path. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 30: 234–247.
- Xia J., Arrowsmith C., Jackson M., Cartwright W., 2008. The wayfinding process relationships between decision-making and landmark utility. Tourism Management 29(3): 445–57.
- Xia J., Zeephongsekul P., Packer D., 2011. Spatial and temporal modelling of tourist movements using semi-Markov processes. Tourism Management 32(4): 844–851.
- Zenk S.N., Schulz A.J., Matthews S.A., Odoms-Young A., Wilbur J., Wegrzyn L., Gibbs K., Braunschweig C., Stokes C., 2011. Activity space environment and dietary and physical activity behaviors: A pilot study. Health & Place 17(5): 1150–1161.
- Zito R., d’Este G., Taylor M.A.P., 1995. Global positioning systems in the time domain: How useful a tool for intelligent vehicle-highway systems? Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 3(4): 193–209.