Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Letter Visibility and the Optimal Viewing Position Effect of Isolated Connected and Un-Connected Letters in Arabic Cover

Letter Visibility and the Optimal Viewing Position Effect of Isolated Connected and Un-Connected Letters in Arabic

By:   
Open Access
|May 2016

References

  1. Abdelhadi, S., Ibrahim, R., & Eviatar, Z. (2011). Perceptual load in the reading of Arabic: Effects of orthographic visual complexity on detection.,(2), 117–127.
  2. Abd El-Minem, F.M. (1987).: Al-Taufik Press [in Arabic].
  3. Abu-Rabia, S. (2001). The role of vowels in reading Semitic scripts: Data from Arabic and Hebrew.,(1-2), 39–59.
  4. Adelman, J.S., Marquis, S.J., & Sabatos-DeVito, M.G. (2010). Letters in words are read simultaneously, not in left-to-right sequence.,(12), 1799–1801.
  5. Almabruk, A.A.A., Paterson, K.B., McGowan, V.A., & Jordan, T.R. (2011). Evaluating effects of divided hemispheric processing on word recognition in foveal and extrafoveal displays: The evidence from Arabic.,(4): e18131.
  6. Al-Muhtaseb, H., Mahmoud, S., & Qahwaji, R. (2009). A novel minimal script for Arabic text recognition databases and benchmarks.,(3), 145–153.
  7. Arguin, M. & Bub, D. (1995). Priming and response selection processes in letter classification and identification tasks.,(5), 1199–1219.
  8. Averbach, E. & Coriell, A.S. (1961). Short-term memory in vision.,(1), 309–328.
  9. Belaid, A. & Choisy C. (2008). Human Reading Based Strategies for Off-Line Arabic Word Recognition.,, 36–56.
  10. Bouma, H. (1973). Visual interference in the parafoveal recognition of initial and final letters of words.,(4), 767–782.
  11. Brysbaert, M. (1994). Interhemispheric transfer and the processing of foveally presented stimuli.,(1-2), 151–161.
  12. Brysbaert, M. (2004). The importance of interhemispheric transfer for foveal vision: A factor that has been overlooked in theories of visual word recognition and object perception.,(3), 259–267.
  13. Brysbaert, M. & Nazir, T.A. (2005). Visual constraints in written word recognition: Evidence from the optimal viewing-position effect.,(3), 216–228.
  14. Brysbaert, M., Speybroeck, S., & Vanderelst, D. (2009) Is there room for the BBC in the mental lexicon? On the recognition of acronyms.,(9), 1832–1842.
  15. Brysbaert, M., Vitu, F., & Schroyens, W. (1996). The right visual field advantage and the optimal viewing position effect: On the relation between foveal and parafoveal word recognition.,(3), 385–395.
  16. Butler, B.E. (1975). Selective attention and target search with brief visual displays.,(3), 467–477.
  17. Butler, B.E. & Merikle, P.M. (1973). Selective masking and processing strategy.,(4), 542–548.
  18. Carrasco, M., Kinchla, R.A., & Figueroa, J.G. (1988). Visual letter-matching and the time course of visual and acoustic codes.,(1), 1–17.
  19. Carreiras, M., Perea, M., & Abu Mallouh, R. (2012). Priming of abstract letter representations may be universal: The case of Arabic.,(4), 685–690.
  20. Carreiras, M., Perea, M., Gil-López, C., Mallouh, R.A., & Salillas, E. (2013). Neural correlates of visual versus abstract letter processing in Roman and Arabic scripts.,(11), 1975–1985.
  21. Chung, S.T.L., Legge, G.E., & Cheung, S.H. (2004). Letter-recognition and reading speed in peripheral vision benefit from perceptual learning. V,(7), 695–709.
  22. Davis, C.J. (2006). Orthographic input coding: A review of behavioural data and current models. In S. Andrews (Ed.),(pp. 180–206). Hove: Psychology Press.
  23. Deutsch, A. & Rayner, K. (1999). Initial fixation location effects in reading Hebrew words.,(4), 393–421.
  24. Ducrot, S. & Pynte, J. (2002). What determines the eyes’ landing position in words?,(7), 1130–1144.
  25. Dufor, O. & Rapp, B. (2013). Letter representations in writing: an fMRI adaptation approach.,(781), 1-14.
  26. Ellis, A.W. & Brysbaert, M. (2010). Split fovea theory and the role of the two cerebral hemispheres in reading: A review of the evidence.,(2), 353–365.
  27. Estes, W.K., Allmeyer, D.H., & Reder, S.M. (1976). Serial position functions for letter identification at brief and extended exposure durations.,(1), 1–15.
  28. Falkenberg, H.K., Rubin, G.S., & Bex, P.J. (2007) Acuity, crowding, reading and fixation stability.,(1), 126–135.
  29. Farid, M. & Grainger, J. (1996). How initial fixation position influences visual word recognition: A comparison of French and Arabic.,(3), 351–368.
  30. Finkbeiner, M. & Coltheart, M. (2009). Letter recognition: from perception to representation.,(1), 1–6.
  31. Forster, K.I. (1998). The pros and cons of masked priming.,(2), 203–233.
  32. Geyer, L.H. & DeWald, C.G. (1973). Feature lists and confusion matrices.,(3), 471–482.
  33. Gibson, E.J. (1969).. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  34. Grainger, J. (2008). Cracking the orthographic code: An introduction.,(1), 1–35.
  35. Grainger, J., Granier, J.P., Farioli, F., Van Assche, E., & van Heuven, W.J. (2006). Letter position information and printed word perception: The relative-position priming constraint.,(4), 865–884.
  36. Grainger, J. & Jacobs, A.M. (1996). Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model.,(3), 518–565.
  37. Grainger, J., Rey, A., & Dufau, S. (2008). Letter perception: from pixels to pandemonium.,(10), 381–387.
  38. Grainger, J. & van Heuven, W. (2003). Modeling letter position coding in printed word perception. In P. Bonin (Ed.),(pp. 1–24). New York: Nova Science.
  39. Haber, R. N., & Standing, L. (1969). Location of errors with a poststimulus indicator.,(6), 345–346.
  40. Hunter, Z.R., Brysbaert, M., & Knecht, S. (2007). Foveal word reading requires interhemispheric communication.,(8), 1373–1387.
  41. Ibrahim, R. & Eviatar, Z. (2009). Language status and hemispheric involvement in reading: Evidence from trilingual Arabic speakers tested in Arabic, Hebrew, and English.,(2), 240–254.
  42. Jacobs, A.M., Nazir, T.A., & Heller, O. (1989). Perception of lowercase letters in peripheral vision: A letter discrimination matrix based on saccade latencies.,(1), 95–102.
  43. Jordan, T.R. & Paterson, K.B. (2009). Re-evaluating split-fovea processing in word recognition: A critical assessment of recent research.,(12), 2341–2353.
  44. Kajii, N. & Osaka, N. (2000). Optimal viewing position in vertically and horizontally presented Japanese words.,(6), 1634–1644.
  45. Keren, G. & Baggen, S. (1981). Recognition models of alphanumeric characters.(3), 234–246.
  46. Kinoshita, S. & Kaplan, L. (2008). Priming of abstract letter identities in the letter match task.,(12), 1873–1885.
  47. Kinoshita, S. & Norris, D. (2009). Transposed-letter priming of pre-lexical orthographic representations.,(1), 1–18.
  48. Lavidor, M., Ellis, A., Shillcock, R., & Bland, T. (2001). Evaluating a split processing model of visual word recognition: Effects of word length.,(2), 265–272.
  49. Lavidor, M., & Walsh, V. (2004). Opinion – The nature of foveal representation.,(9), 729–735.
  50. Legge, G.E., Mansfield, J.S., & Chung, S.T.L. (2001). Psychophysics of reading: XX. Linking letter recognition to reading speed in central and peripheral vision.,(6), 725–743.
  51. Legein, C.H. & Bouma, H. (1977). Dyslectic and normally-reading children. I. Exploration of a letter-search test for screening purposes. II. Follow-up and further exploration in 4 weak and 4 normal readers on letter, word and number recognition.,(2), 391–396.
  52. Lindell, A.K. & Nicholls, M.E.R. (2003). Cortical representation of the fovea: Implications for visual half-field research.,(1), 111–117.
  53. Liu, P. & Li, X. (2013). Optimal viewing position effects in the processing of isolated Chinese words.,, 45–57
  54. Mahdi, M. (2010). A study of Arabic letter frequency analysis.. Accessed 4 June 2015.
  55. Martin, C.D., Thierry, G., Démonet, J.F., Roberts, M., & Nazir, T. (2007). ERP evidence for the split fovea theory.,, 212–220.
  56. Marzouki, Y., Meeter, M., & Grainger, J. (2013). Location invariance in masked repetition priming of letters and words.,(1), 23–29.
  57. McClelland, J.L. & Rumelhart, D.E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effect in letter perception. Part I: An account of basic findings.,(5), 375–407.
  58. Merikle, P.M., Coltheart, M., & Lowe, D.G. (1971). On the selective effects of a patterned masking stimulus.,(3), 264–279.
  59. Merikle, P.M., Lowe, D.G., & Coltheart, M. (1971). Familiarity and method of report as determinants of tachistoscopic performance.,(2), 167–174.
  60. Mewhort, D.J.K. & Campbell, A.J. (1978). Processing spatial information and the selective-masking effect.,(1), 93–101.
  61. Miller, P. & Vaknin, V. (2012). The involvement of letter names in the silent processing of isolated letters: A developmental Perspective.,(8), 1276–1288.
  62. Miozzo, M. & Caramazza, A. (1998). The varieties of pure alexia: The case of failure to access graphemic representations.,(1-2), 203–238.
  63. Mycroft, R., Hanley, J.R., & Kay, J. (2002). Preserved access to abstract letter identities despite abolished letter naming in a case of pure alexia.,(2), 99–108.
  64. Nazir, T.A. (1991). On the role of refixations in letter strings: The influence of oculomotor factors.,(4), 373–389.
  65. Nazir, T.A., Ben-Boutayab, N., Decoppet, N., Deutsch, A., & Frost, R. (2004). Reading habits, perceptual learning, and recognition of printed words.,(3), 294–311.
  66. Nazir, T.A., Deutsch, A., Grainger, J., & Frost, R. (2000). The role of early perceptual learning in reading.,, 83.
  67. Nazir, T.A., Heller, D., & Sussmann, C. (1992). Letter visibility and word recognition: The optimal viewing position in printed words.,(3), 315–328.
  68. Nazir, T.A., Jacobs, A.M., & O’Regan, J.K. (1998). Letter legibility and visual word recognition.,(4), 810–821.
  69. Paterson, K.B., Jordan, T.R., & Kurtev, S. (2009). Binocular Fixation Disparity in Single Word Displays.,(6), 1961–1968.
  70. Pelli, D.G., Burns, C.W., Farrell, B., & Moore-Page, D.C. (2006). Feature detection and letter identification.,(28), 4646–4674.
  71. Perfetti, C.A., Cao, F., & Booth, J.R. (2013). Specialization and universals in the development of reading skill: How Chinese research informs a universal science of reading.,(1), 5–21.
  72. Petit, J.-P. & Grainger, J. (2002). Masked partial priming of letter perception.,(3), 337–353.
  73. Petit, J.-P., Midgley, K.J., Holcomb, P.J., & Grainger, J. (2006). On the time course of letter perception: A masked priming ERP investigation.,(4), 674–681.
  74. Pitchford, N.J., Ledgeway, T., & Masterson, J. (2008). Effect of orthographic processes on letter position encoding.(1), 97–116.
  75. Posner, M.I. & Mitchell, R.F. (1967). Chronometric analysis of classification.,(5), 392–409.
  76. Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search.,(8), 1457–1506.
  77. Rayner, K., McConkie, G.W., & Zola, D. (1980). Integrating information across eye movements.,(2), 206–226.
  78. Reilhac, C., Jucla, M., Iannuzzi, S., Valdois, S., & Démonet, J.-F. (2012). Effect of orthographic processes on letter identity and letter-position encoding in dyslexic children.,(154), 1–11.
  79. Shillcock, R., Ellison, T.M., & Monaghan, P. (2000). Eye-fixation behavior, lexical storage, and visual word recognition in a split processing model.,(4), 824–851.
  80. Schoonbaert, S. & Grainger, J. (2004). Letter position coding in printed word perception: Effects of repeated and transposed letters.,(3), 333–367.
  81. Schwantes, F.M. (1978). Stimulus position functions in tachistoscopic identification tasks: Scanning, rehearsal, and order of report.,(3), 219–226.
  82. Selfridge, O.G. & Neisser, U. (1960). Pattern recognition by machine., 60–68.
  83. Selfridge, O.G. (1959). Pandemonium: A paradigm for learning. In D.V. Blake & A.M. Uttley (Eds.),(pp. 511–529). London: H. M. Stationary Office.
  84. Solomon, J.A. & Pelli, D.G. (1994). The visual filter mediating letter identification.,(6479), 395–397.
  85. Stevens, M. & Grainger, J. (2003). Letter visibility and the viewing position effect in visual word recognition.,(1), 133–151.
  86. Taouk, M. & Coltheart, M. (2004). The cognitive processes involved in learning to read in Arabic.,(1-2), 27–57.
  87. Tydgat, I. & Grainger, J. (2009). Serial position effects in the identification of letters, digits, and symbols.,(2), 480–498.
  88. Van der Haegen, L. & Brysbaert, M. (2011). The mechanisms underlying the interhemispheric integration of information in foveal word recognition: Evidence for transcortical inhibition.,(3), 81–89.
  89. Van der Haegen, L., Drieghe, D., & Brysbaert, M. (2010). The split fovea theory and the leicester critique: What do the data say?,(1), 96–106.
  90. Vitu, F., Lancelin, D., & d’Unienville, V.M. (2007). A perceptual-economy account for the inverted-optimal viewing position effect.,(5), 1220–1249.
  91. Whitney, C. (2001). How the brain encodes the order of letters in a printed word: The SERIOL model and selective literature review.,(2), 221–243.
  92. Wolford, G. & Hollingsworth, S. (1974). Retinal location and string position as important variables in visual information processing.,(3), 437–442.
  93. Wong, Y.K. & Hsiao, J.H. (2012). Reading direction is sufficient to account for the optimal viewing position in reading: The case of music reading. Paper presented at The 34th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci2012), Sapporo, Japan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2015-0011 | Journal eISSN: 2083-8506 (formerly 1234-2238) | Journal ISSN: 1234-2238
Language: English
Page range: 174 - 200
Published on: May 12, 2016
Published by: Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2016 Deia Ganayim, published by Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.