Fig. 1
Stigma grades by dimensions_
| Effect, case | Space | Time | Intensity | Complexity | Can it be solved | Measurability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transmission tower | 3 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 |
| High–voltage power line | 5 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 7 |
| Airport | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
| Noise | 6 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
| Air pollution | 8 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| View restriction | 1 | 10 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 5 |
| Chemical pollution | 3 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
| Biological hazards | 1 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Waste dump | 3 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
| Under construction | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 8 |
| Bad neighbourhood | 5 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 7 |
| Haunting | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
Reasons for the stigmatizing effects_
| Case | What happens? | How it affects the physical state of the property | Negative effects of the event on people who use the stigmatized property | Risks, worries |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transmission tower | The service provider constructs a transmission tower | Nothing | Radiation, noise pollution, shielding, restricted view | Health risks |
| High–voltage power line | The service provider installs a power line | Nothing | Radiation, noise pollution, shielding | Health risks |
| Airport | The investor constructs/expands an airport | Generally nothing, turbulence in extreme cases | Noise pollution, air pollution, frightening view | Accidents, hearing impairment, health risks |
| Noise | The investor builds a development/infrastructure with a lot of noise | Nothing | Noise pollution | Hearing impairment |
| Air pollution | Air pollution sources are activated or increase their emission due to human activity | Dirt settling on the building in extreme cases | Air pollution, smog | Health risks |
| View restriction | The investor constructs a building in front of an existing one or acquires building permits | Loss of exposure to the sun | Lack of a panorama | Feelings of loss |
| Chemical pollution | Contaminants are released due to human activity | Generally nothing, may affect stability in extreme cases | Dangerous materials in the air, groundwater and the ground | Health risks |
| Biological hazards | A pathogen spreads or is not successfully dealt with | May affect building structure in extreme cases | Appearance of pathogens | Health risks |
| Waste dump | A waste dump is opened | Generally nothing, may affect stability in extreme cases | Dangerous materials in the air, groundwater and the ground | Health risks |
| Abandoned, under construction | The investor halted an ongoing construction | Accident risk, premature obsolescence | No effect | Costs of finishing the construction, unclear legal relationships |
| Bad neighbourhood | A registered criminal moves to the neighbourhood | Nothing | Risk of attack | Attack |
| Haunting | Someone senses a ghost | Nothing | Fear | (Irrational) fear |
Stigmatizing property cases_
| Case | The effect can be tied to a stigmatizing property | Always | Usually |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transmission tower | Yes | Yes | – |
| High–voltage power line | Yes | Yes | – |
| Airport | Yes | Yes | – |
| Noise | Yes | – | Yes |
| Air pollution | Yes | – | Yes |
| View restriction | Yes | Yes | – |
| Chemical pollution | Yes | – | Yes |
| Biological hazards | Yes | – | Yes |
| Waste dump | Yes | Yes | – |
| Abandoned, under construction | – | – | – |
| Bad neighbourhood | Yes | Yes | – |
| Haunting | Yes | Yes | – |
Causes that trigger stigma_
| Case | Construction activity | Accident | Regulation | Endowment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transmission tower | Yes | No | No | No |
| High–voltage power line | Yes | No | No | No |
| Airport | Yes | No | No | No |
| Noise | Yes | No | No | No |
| Air pollution | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| View restriction | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Chemical pollution | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Biological hazards | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Waste dump | Yes | No | No | No |
| Abandoned, under construction | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Bad neighbourhood | No | No | Yes | No |
| Haunting | No | No | No | Yes |