Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Dynamics of Woodpecker – Common Starling interactions: a comparison of Old World and New World species and populations Cover

Dynamics of Woodpecker – Common Starling interactions: a comparison of Old World and New World species and populations

Ornis Hungarica
Volume 24 (2016): Issue 1 (June 2016)
By:  and    
Open Access
|Jul 2016
References

References

  1. Aitken, K. E. H. & Martin, K. 2004. Nest cavity availability and selection in aspen-conifer groves in a grassland landscape. - Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 2099-2109. DOI: 10.1139/x04-086
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  2. Aitken, K. E. H. & Martin, K. 2007. The importance of excavators in hole-nesting communities: Availability and use of natural tree holes in old mixed forests of western Canada. - Journal of Ornithology 148 (Suppl.2.): S425-S434. DOI: 10.1007/ s10336-007-0166-9
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  3. Aitken, K. E. H. & Martin, K. 2008. Resource selection plasticity and community responses to experimental reduction of a critical resource. - Ecology 89: 971-980. DOI: 10.1890/07-0711.1
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  4. Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. 1983. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. - Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom
    Search in Google Scholar
  5. Allard, H. A. 1940. The Starling’s family life and behaviors. - Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30: 34-46.
    Search in Google Scholar
  6. Angelstam, P., Andersson, K., Axelsson, R., Elbakidze, M., Jonsson, B. G. & Roberge, J-M. 2011. Protecting forest areas for biodiversity in Sweden 1991-2010: the policy implementation process and outcomes on the ground. - Silva Fennica 45: 1111-1133.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  7. Angelstam, P., Boresjön-Bronge, L., Mikusiński, G., Sporrong, U. & Wästfelt, A. 2003. Assessing village authenticity with satellite images: A method to identify intact cultural landscapes in Europe. - Ambio 32(8): 594-604. DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447-32.8.594
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  8. Aulen, G. 1986. Vitryggiga hackspettens Dendrocopos leucotos utbredningshistoriaoch förekomst i Sverige. - Vår Fågelvärld 45: 201-226. (in Swedish)
    Search in Google Scholar
  9. Bai, M-L. 2005. Tree cavity abundance and nest site selection of cavity nesting birds in a natural boreal forest of West Khentey, Mongolia. - PhD Dissertation, Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
    Search in Google Scholar
  10. Bai, M-L., Wichman, F. & Muhlenberg, M. 2005. Nest-site characteristics of hole-nesting birds in a primeval boreal forest of Mongolia. - Acta Ornithologica 40: 1-14. DOI: 10.3161/068.040.0105
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  11. Bailey, H. H. 1925. The birds of Florida. - The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland
    Search in Google Scholar
  12. Baker, J. L. & Payne, R. L. 1993. Nest usurpation of a Starling nest by a pair of Red-bellied Woodpeckers. - Florida Field Naturalist 21: 33-34.
    Search in Google Scholar
  13. Banks, R. C., Cicero, C., Dunn, J. L., Kratter, A. W., Rasmussen, P. C., Remsen, J. V. Jr., Rising, J. D. & Stotz, D. F. 2005. Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologistsʼ Union Checklist of North American Birds. - The Auk 122: 1026-1031. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1026:FSTTAO] 2.0.CO;2
    Search in Google Scholar
  14. Bent, A. C. 1939. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. - U. S. National Museum Bulletin 174.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  15. Berthold, P. 1968. Die Massenvermehrung des Stars Sturnus vulgaris in fortpflanzungsphysiologischer Sicht. - Journal für Ornithologie 109: 11-16. DOI: 10.1007/BF01678098 (in German)
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  16. BirdLife International 2016a Species factsheet: Colaptes fernandinae. - Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 22 Feb. 2016.
    Search in Google Scholar
  17. BirdLife International 2016b Species factsheet: Dendrocopos noguchii. - Downloaded from http://www/birdlife.org on 8 March 2016.
    Search in Google Scholar
  18. Bishop, C. A. & Brogan, J. M. 2013. Estimates of avian mortality attributed to vehicle collisions in Canada. - Avian Conservation and Ecology 8(2): 2 DOI: 10.5751/ACE-00604-080202
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  19. Blem, C. R. 1981. Geographic variation in mid-winter body composition of starlings. - The Condor 83: 370-376. DOI: 10.2307/1367508
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  20. Bock, C. E. 1970. The ecology and behavior of the Lewis’ Woodpecker, Asyndesmus lewis. - University of California Publications in Zoology 92: 1-100.
    Search in Google Scholar
  21. Breitwisch, R. J. 1977. The ecology and behavior of the Red-bellied Woodpecker, Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus; Aves: Picidae), in south Florida. - M.S. Thesis, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
    Search in Google Scholar
  22. Brenowitz, G. L. 1978. Gila Woodpecker agonistic behavior. - The Auk 95: 49-58. DOI: 10.2307/4085494
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  23. Brewster, W. 1876. The Yellow-bellied Woodpecker (Sphyrapicus varius). - Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 1: 63-70.
    Search in Google Scholar
  24. Brooks, A. & Swarth, H. S. 1925. A distributional list of the birds of British Columbia. - Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 17.
    Search in Google Scholar
  25. Brush, T. 1983. Cavity use by secondary cavity-nesting birds and response to manipulations. - The Condor 85: 461-466. DOI: 10.2307/1367987
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  26. Bruun, M. & Smith, H. G. 2003. Landscape composition affects habitat use and foraging flight distances in breeding European Starlings. - Biological Conservation 114: 179-187. DOI: 10.1016/ S0006-3207(03)00021-1
    Search in Google Scholar
  27. Burns, F. L. 1900. A monograph of the flicker. - Wilson Bulletin 12: 1-82.
    Search in Google Scholar
  28. Bull, E. L. 1987. Ecology of the Pileated Woodpecker in northeastern Oregon. - Journal of Wildlife Management 51: 472-481. DOI: 10.2307/3801036
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  29. Bull, E. L. & Jackson, J. A. 1995. Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 148. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  30. Butler, A. W. 1897. Birds of Indiana. - In: 22nd Annual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural Resources for Indiana for 1897, pp. 515-1187.
    Search in Google Scholar
  31. Cabe, P. R. 1993. European Starling Sturnus vulgaris. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) Birds of North America, no. 48. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  32. Calef, R. T. 1953. Ecological analysis of the flora and vertebrate fauna of Funks Forest Natural Area, McLean Co. Illinois. - M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois, Champaign
    Search in Google Scholar
  33. Campbell, R. W., Dawe, N. K., McTaggart-Cowan, I., Cooper, J. M., Kaiser, G. W. & McNall, M. C. E. 1990. The birds of British Columbia. Vol. 2. - Diurnal birds of prey through woodpeckers. - Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria
    Search in Google Scholar
  34. Carlson, A., Sandström, U. & Olsson, K. 1998. Availability and use of natural tree holes by cavity nesting birds in a Swedish deciduous forest. - Ardea 86(1): 109-119.
    Search in Google Scholar
  35. Carriger, H. W. & Wells, G. 1919. Nesting of the Northern Pileated Woodpecker. - The Condor 21: 153-156. DOI: 10.2307/1362630
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  36. Carter, J. H. III. & Kocher, B. J. 1995. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker: an endangered species in Golf country. U.S.G.A. - Green Section Record 33(4): 8-9.
    Search in Google Scholar
  37. Carter, J. H. III., Walters, J. R., Everhart, S. H. & Doerr, P. D. 1989. Restrictors for Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities. - Wildlife Society Bulletin 17: 68-72.
    Search in Google Scholar
  38. Cely, J. E. 1985. Red-cockaded Woodpecker found dead in cavity entrance. - Chat 49(4): 98.
    Search in Google Scholar
  39. Choi, C-Y., Park, J-G., Moores, N., Kim, E-M., Kang, C-W., Nam, H-Y. & Kim, S-M. 2011. The recent increase of the Red-billed Starling Sturnus sericeus in the Republic of Korea. - Forktail 27: 89-91.
    Search in Google Scholar
  40. Ciach, M. & Fröhlich, A. 2013. Habitat preferences of the Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus in urban environments: an ambiguous effect of pollution. - Bird Study 60: 491-499. DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2013.847899
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  41. Coleman, J. D. 1974. The use of artificial nest sites erected for Starlings in Canterbury, New Zealand. - New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1: 349-354.
    Search in Google Scholar
  42. Cooke, M. T. 1925. Spread of the European Starling in North America. - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department Circular 336.
    Search in Google Scholar
  43. Cooper, J. M., Siddle, C. & Davidson, G. 1998. Status of the Lewis’ Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) in British Columbia. - BC Environment, Wildlife Working Report no. WR-91.
    Search in Google Scholar
  44. Cruz, A. 1977. Ecology and behavior of the Jamaican Woodpecker. - Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 22: 149-204.
    Search in Google Scholar
  45. Czeszczewik, D. & Walankiewicz, W. 2006. Logging affects the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos distribution in the Bialowieza Forest. - Annales Zoologici Fennici 43: 221-227.
    Search in Google Scholar
  46. Day, J. D. 2012. The Purple Martin and its management in Texas. 4th ed. - Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas
    Search in Google Scholar
  47. Dennis, J. B. 1971. Species using Red-cockaded Woodpecker holes in northeastern South Carolina. - Bird Banding 42: 79-87. DOI: 10.2307/4511735
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  48. Dixon, R. D. & Saab, V. A. 2000. Black-backed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 509. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  49. Dobbs, R. C., Martin, T. E. & Conway, C. J. 1997. Williamson’s Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 285. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  50. Dobkin, D. S., Rich, A. C., Pretare, J. A. & Pyle, W. H. 1995. Nest-site relationships among cavity-nesting birds of riparian and snowpocket aspen woodlands in the northwestern Great Basin. - The Condor 97: 694-707. DOI: 10.2307/1369178
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  51. Dunning, J. B. Jr. 1993. CRC handbook of avian body masses. - CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida
    Search in Google Scholar
  52. Dunning, J. B. Jr. 2008. CRC handbook of avian body masses. 2nd ed. - CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, Florida
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  53. Eckstein, R. G. 1983. Nesting Black-backed Threetoed Woodpeckers in Forest County. - Passenger Pigeon 45: 16-17.
    Search in Google Scholar
  54. Eguchi, K. & Amano, H. E. 2004. Invasive birds in Japan. - Global Environmental Research 8: 29-39.
    Search in Google Scholar
  55. Erskine, A. J. & McLaren, W. D. 1972. Sapsucker nest holes and their use by other species. - Canadian Field Naturalist 86: 357-361.
    Search in Google Scholar
  56. Feare, C. 1984. The Starling. - Oxford University Press, New York Feare, C. 1989. The changing fortunes of an agricultural bird pest: the European Starling. - Agricultural Zoology Reviews 3: 317-342.
    Search in Google Scholar
  57. Feare, C. J. & Craig, A. 1999. Starlings and mynas. - Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
    Search in Google Scholar
  58. Feare, C. & Douville de Franssu, P. 1992. The Starling in Europe: Multiple approaches to a problem species. - Proceedings of the 15th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Paper 28.
    Search in Google Scholar
  59. Ferguson, M. S. 1938. Notes on the relation of the European Starling to other species of birds. - The Auk 53: 87-88.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  60. Fisher, R. J. & Wiebe, K. L. 2006. Nest site attributes and temporal patterns of Northern Flicker nest loss: effects of predation and competition. - Oecologia 147: 744-753. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0310-2
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  61. Flux, I. E. C. & Flux, M. M. 1981. Population dynamics and age structure of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in New Zealand. - New Zealand Journal of Zoology 4: 65-72.
    Search in Google Scholar
  62. Forbush, E. H. 1915. The Starling. - Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, Circular, no. 45.
    Search in Google Scholar
  63. Freeman, S. N., Robinson, R. A., Clark, J. A., Griffin, B. M. & Adams, S. Y. 2007. Changing demography and population decline in the Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris: a multisite approach to integrated population monitoring. - Ibis 149: 587-596. DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00684.x
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  64. Frei, B., Fyles, J. W. & Nocera, J. J. 2013. Maladaptive habitat use of a North American woodpecker in population decline. - Ethology 119: 377-388. DOI: 10.1111/eth.12074
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  65. Frugis, S., Malaguzzi, G. & Vicini, G.1988. Guida ai picchi del mondo. Monografie VII. - Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy (in Italian)
    Search in Google Scholar
  66. Garrett, K. L., Raphael, M. G. & Dixon, R. 1996. White-headed Woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) Birds of North America, no. 252. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  67. Garrido, O. H., & Kirkconnell, A. 2000. Birds of Cuba. - Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York
    Search in Google Scholar
  68. George, W. 1979. Protect our elm trees society. - American Forests 85(1): 27-29, 51-52.
    Search in Google Scholar
  69. Gibo, D. L., Stephens, R., Culpepper, A. & Dew, H. 1976. Nest-site preferences and nesting success of the Starling Sturnus vulgaris L. in marginal and favorable habitats in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. - American Midland Naturalist 95(2): 493-499. DOI: 10.2307/2424419
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  70. Giese, C. L. A. & Cuthbert, F. J. 2003. Influence of surrounding vegetation on woodpecker nest tree selection in oak forests of the upper Midwest, U.S.A. - Forest Ecology and Management 179: 523-534. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00529-7
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  71. Glue, D. E. & Boswell, T. 1994. Comparative nesting ecology of the three British breeding woodpeckers. - British Birds 87: 253-269.
    Search in Google Scholar
  72. Gosse, P. H. 1847. The birds of Jamaica. - Jon Van Voorst, London
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  73. Graber, J. W., Graber, R. R. & Kirk, E. L. 1977. Illinois birds: Picidae. - Illinois Natural History Survey, Biological Notes, no. 102. Urbana, Illinois
    Search in Google Scholar
  74. Graves, G. R. 2014. Historical decline and probable extinction of the Golden Swallow Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea. - Bird Conservation International 24: 239-251. DOI: 10.1017/ S095927091300035X
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  75. Gromadzki, M. 1980. Reproduction of the Starling Sturnus vulgaris in Żulawy Wiślane, North Poland. - Acta Ornithologica 17(16): 195-224.
    Search in Google Scholar
  76. Gutzwiller, K. J. & Anderson, S. H. 1987. Multiscale associations between cavity-nesting birds and features of Wyoming streamside woodlands. - The Condor 89: 534-548.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  77. Hadow, H. H. 1973. Winter ecology of migrant and resident Lewis’s Woodpeckers in Southeastern Colorado. - The Condor 75: 210-274. DOI: 10.2307/1365869
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  78. Haynes, A. M., Sutton, R. L. & Harvey, K. D. 1989. Conservation trends, and the threats to endemic birds in Jamaica. - In: Woods, C. A. (ed.) Biogeography of the West Indies. - Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 827-838.
    Search in Google Scholar
  79. Hicks, L. E. 1934. Individual and sexual variations in the European Starling. - Bird-Banding 5: 103-118.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  80. Holzapfel, C., Levin, N., Hatzofe, O. & Kark, S. 2006. Colonization of the Middle East by the invasive Common Myna Acridotheres tristis L., with special reference to Israel. - Sandgrouse 28: 44-51.
    Search in Google Scholar
  81. Hoover, E. 1972. Weight variation of Downy Woodpeckers. - Inland Bird Banding News 45: 149-150.
    Search in Google Scholar
  82. Howell, A. B. 1943. Starlings and woodpeckers. - The Auk 60: 90-91.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  83. Hoyt, J. S. Y. 1948. Observations on nesting associates. - The Auk 65: 188-196. DOI: 10.2307/4080297
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  84. Hoyt, S. F. 1957. The ecology of the Pileated Woodpecker. - Ecology 38: 246-256. DOI: 10.2307/1931683
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  85. Humphrey, P. S. 1946. Observations at the nest of a Pileated Woodpecker. - Migrant 17: 43-46.
    Search in Google Scholar
  86. Husak, M. S. & Maxwell, T. C. 1998. Golden-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 373. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  87. Ifran, N. R. & Fiorini, V. D. 2010. European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris): Population density and interactions with native species in Buenos Aires urban parks. - Ornitologia Neotropical 21: 507-518.
    Search in Google Scholar
  88. Ingold, D. J. 1989. Nesting phenology and competition for nest sites among Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers and European Starlings. - The Auk 106: 209-217.
    Search in Google Scholar
  89. Ingold, D. J. 1994. Influence of nest-site competition between European Starlings and woodpeckers. - Wilson Bulletin 106: 227-241.
    Search in Google Scholar
  90. Ingold, D. J. 1996. Delayed nesting decreases reproductive success in Northern Flickers: implications for competition with European Starlings. - Journal of Field Ornithology 67: 321-326.
    Search in Google Scholar
  91. Ingold, D. J. 1997. Do nest boxes help alleviate nestsite competition by European Starlings on Northern Flickers? - Sialia 19: 83-91.
    Search in Google Scholar
  92. Ingold, D. J. 1998. The influence of starlings on flicker reproduction when both naturally excavated cavities and artificial nest boxes are available. - Wilson Bulletin 110: 218-225.
    Search in Google Scholar
  93. Ingold, D. J. & Densmore, R. J. 1992. Competition between European Starlings and native woodpeckers for nest cavities in Ohio. - Sialia 14: 43-48, 54.
    Search in Google Scholar
  94. Ingold, D. J. & Ingold, D. A. 1984. A study of possible niche preferences of cavity-nesting birds in the Colorado Rockies. - NMOS Bulletin 12(1): 1-9.
    Search in Google Scholar
  95. Jackson, J. A. 1976. A comparison of some aspects of the breeding ecology of Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers in Kansas. - The Condor 78: 67-76. DOI: 10.2307/1366917
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  96. Jackson, J. A. 1994. Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 85. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  97. Jackson, J. A. 1997. A hankerin’ to hammer. - Birder’s World 11(2): 16-21.
    Search in Google Scholar
  98. Jackson, J. A. 2000. Rapid nest-site selection and initiation of nests on commercial aircraft by European Starlings. - Migrant 71: 97-99.
    Search in Google Scholar
  99. Jackson, J. A. 2002. Niche concepts and woodpecker conservation: Understanding why some species are endangered. - In: Pechacek, P. & d’Oleire-Oltmanns, D. (eds.) International Woodpecker Symposium. - Nationalpark Berchtesgaden, Germany. - Forschungsbericht 48: 87-96.
    Search in Google Scholar
  100. Jackson, J. A. 2003a Pandora’s birds. - Birder’s World 17(5): 54-59.
    Search in Google Scholar
  101. Jackson, J. A. 2003b Red white & blue-blooded: the Red-headed Woodpecker is an American aristocrat. - Birder’s World 17(3): 51-55.
    Search in Google Scholar
  102. Jackson, J. A. & Davis, W. E. Jr. 1998. Range expansion of the Red-bellied Woodpecker. - Bird Observer 26(1): 4-11.
    Search in Google Scholar
  103. Jackson, J. A. & Jackson, B. J. S. 2004. Ecological relationships between fungi and woodpecker cavity sites. - The Condor 106: 37-49. DOI: 10.1650/7483
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  104. Jackson, J. A., Ouellet, H. R. & Jackson, B. J. S. 2002. Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 702. - The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  105. Jackson, J. A. & Tate, J. Jr. 1974. An analysis of nest box use by Purple Martins, House Sparrows and Starlings in eastern North America. - Wilson Bulletin 86: 435-449.
    Search in Google Scholar
  106. Jeffrey-Smith, M. 1972. Bird-watching in Jamaica. - Bolivar Press, Kingston, Jamaica
    Search in Google Scholar
  107. Johnson, S. R. & Campbell, R. W. 1995. Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) Birds of North America, no. 157. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  108. Johnston, R. F. & Garrett, K. L. 1994. Population trends of introduced birds in western North America, 1890-1991. - In: Jehl, J. R. Jr. & Johnson, N. K. (eds.) A century of avifaunal change in western North America. - Studies in Avian Biology, no. 15., pp. 221-231.
    Search in Google Scholar
  109. Joy, J. B. 2000. Characteristics of nest cavities and nest trees of the Red-breasted Sapsucker in coastal montane forests. - Journal of Field Ornithology 71: 525-530. DOI: 10.1648/0273-8570-71.3.525
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  110. Kalmbach, E. R. 1928. The European Starling in the United States. - U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin, no. 1571.
    Search in Google Scholar
  111. Kalmbach, E. R. & Gabrielson, I. N. 1921. Economic value of the Starling in the United States. - U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin, no. 868.
    Search in Google Scholar
  112. Karnosky, D. F. 1979. Dutch elm disease: a review of the history, environmental implications, control, and research needs. - Environmental Conservation 6: 311-322. DOI: 10.1017/ S037689290000357X
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  113. Kendeigh, S. C. 1982. Bird populations in east central Illinois: fluctuations, variations, and development over a half century. - Illinois Biological Monographs 52.
    Search in Google Scholar
  114. Kerpez, T. A. & Smith, N. S. 1990. Nest-site selection and nest-cavity characteristics of Gila Woodpeckers and Northern Flickers. - The Condor 92: 193-198. DOI: 10.2307/1368398
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  115. Kessel, B. 1953. Distribution and migration of the European Starling in North America. - The Condor 55: 49-67. DOI: 10.2307/1365026
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  116. Kessel, B. 1957. A study of the breeding biology of the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in North America. - American Midland Naturalist 58: 257-331. DOI: 10.2307/2422615
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  117. Kilham, L. 1968. Reproductive behavior of Hairy Woodpeckers. II. Nesting and habitat. - Wilson Bulletin 80: 286-305.
    Search in Google Scholar
  118. Kilham, L. 1969. Reproductive behavior of Hairy Woodpeckers. III. Agonistic behavior in relation to courtship and territory. - Wilson Bulletin 81: 169-183.
    Search in Google Scholar
  119. Kilham, L. 1971. Reproductive behavior of Yellow- bellied Sapsuckers. Preference for nesting in Fomes-infected aspens and nest hole interrelations with flying squirrels, raccoons, and other animals. - Wilson Bulletin 83: 159-171.
    Search in Google Scholar
  120. Kilham, L. 1973. Dying elms: Boon to woodpeckers. - American Birds 27: 736-738.
    Search in Google Scholar
  121. Kilham, L. 1977. Nesting behavior of Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers. - Wilson Bulletin 89: 310-324.
    Search in Google Scholar
  122. Kilham, L. 1979. Courtship and the pair-bond of Pileated Woodpeckers. - The Auk 96: 587-594.
    Search in Google Scholar
  123. Koenig, W. D. 2003. European Starlings and their effect on cavity-nesting birds. - Conservation Biology 17: 1134-1140. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02262.x
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  124. Kohler, L. S. 1912. Status of the European Starling in Essex County, New Jersey. - Wilson Bulletin 24: 44-46.
    Search in Google Scholar
  125. Kosinski, Z. & Ksit, P. 2006. Comparative reproductive biology of Middle-spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos medius and Great-spotted Woodpeckers D. major in a riverine forest. - Bird Study 53(3): 237-246. DOI: 10.1080/00063650609461438
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  126. Kotaka, N. & Matsuoka, S. 2002. Secondary users of Great-spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) nest cavities in urban and suburban forests in Sapporo City, northern Japan. - Ornithological Science 1: 117-122. DOI: 10.2326/osj.1.117
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  127. Lawrence, L. de K. 1967. A comparative life-history study of four species of woodpeckers. - Ornithological Monographs 5: 1-156. DOI: 10.2307/40166747
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  128. Leopold, A. 1949. A Sand County almanac and sketches here and there. - Oxford University Press, New York
    Search in Google Scholar
  129. Lindell, C. 1996. Patterns of nest usurpation: When should species converge on nest niches? - The Condor 98: 464-473. DOI: 10.2307/1369560
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  130. Linsdale, J. M. 1929. Roadways as they affect bird life. - The Condor 31: 143-145. DOI: 10.2307/1362978
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  131. Lowther, P. E. 2000. Nuttall’s Woodpecker Picoides nuttallii. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 373. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  132. Löhrl, H. 1956. Der Star als Bruthohlenkonkurrent. - Die Vogelwelt 77(2): 47-50. (in German)
    Search in Google Scholar
  133. Lombardo, M. P., Romagnano, L. C., Stouffer, P. C., Hoffenberg, A. S. & Power, H. W. 1989. The use of nest boxes as night roosts during the nonbreeding season by European Starlings in New Jersey. - The Condor 91: 744-747. DOI: 10.2307/1368135
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  134. Lumsden, H. G. 1976. Choice of nest boxes by Starlings. - Wilson Bulletin 88: 665-666.
    Search in Google Scholar
  135. Marples, G. 1936. Behaviour of Starlings at nesting site. - British Birds 30: 14-21.
    Search in Google Scholar
  136. Martin, K., Aitken, K. E. H. & Wiebe, K. L. 2004. Nest sites and nest webs for cavity-nesting communities in interior British Columbia, Canada: nest characteristics and niche partitioning. - The Condor 106: 5-19. DOI: 10.1650/7482
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  137. Mathis, P. M. 1975. Incident of nest-site related aggressive behavior in the Flicker, Colaptes auratus. - Migrant 46: 73-74.
    Search in Google Scholar
  138. Mazgajski, T. D. 2000. Competition for nest sites between the Starling Sturnus vulgaris and other cavity nesters - study in forest park. - Acta Ornithologica 35(1): 103-107.
    Search in Google Scholar
  139. Mazgajski, T. D. 2003. Nest site choice in relation to the presence of old nests and cavity depth in the Starling Sturnus vulgaris. - Ethology, Ecology and Evolution 15: 273-281. DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2003.9522672
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  140. Mazgajski, T. D. 2007a Nest hole age decreases nest site attractiveness for the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris. - Ornis Fennica 84: 32-38.
    Search in Google Scholar
  141. Mazgajski, T. D. 2007b Effect of old nest material on nest site selection and breeding parameters in secondary hole nesters - a review. - Acta Ornithologica 42(1): 1-14. DOI: 10.3161/000164507781646960
    Search in Google Scholar
  142. Mazgajski, T. D. & Rejt, L. 2006. The effect of forest patch size on the breeding biology of the Great-spotted Woodpecker. - Annales Zoologici Fennici 43: 211-220.
    Search in Google Scholar
  143. McAtee, W. A. 1940. An experiment in songbird management. - The Auk 57: 333-348. DOI: 10.2307/4079000
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  144. McComb, A. M. G., Kernohan, R., Mawhirt, P., Robinson, B., Weir, J. & Wells, B. 2010. Great-spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major): proof of breeding in Tollymore Forest Park, Co. Down. - Irish Naturalists’ Journal 31: 66-67.
    Search in Google Scholar
  145. McDevitt, A. D., Kajtoch, L., Mazgajski, T. D., Carden, R. F., Coscia, I., Osthoff, C., Coombes, R. H. & Wilson, F. 2011. The origins of Great-spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos major colonizing Ireland revealed by mitochondrial DNA. - Bird Study 58: 361-364. DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2011.582619
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  146. Michalczuk, J. & Michalczuk, M. 2016. The reproductive biology of the Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus in a newly colonized area of south-eastern Poland. - Journal of Ornithology 157: 179-187.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  147. Mikusiński, G., Angelstam, P. & Sporrong, U. 2003. Distribution of deciduous stands in villages located in coniferous forest landscapes. - Ambios 32(8): 520-526. DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447-32.8.520
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  148. Miller, A. H. & Bock, C. E. 1972. Natural History of the Nuttall Woodpecker at the Hastings Reservation - The Condor 74(3): 284-294. DOI: 10.2307/1366590
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  149. Mitchell, A. D., Kirkconnell, A. & Wells, L. J. 2000. Notes on the status and nesting ecology of Fernandina’s Flicker Colaptes fernandinae. - Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 120: 103-112.
    Search in Google Scholar
  150. Moeed, A. & Dawson, D. G. 1979. Breeding of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in nest boxes of various types. - New Zealand Journal of Zoology 6(4): 613-618. DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1979.10428404
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  151. Moore, G. E. 1937. Probable effects of Starling. - Bluebird [Missouri Audubon Society] April: 34.
    Search in Google Scholar
  152. Moore, W. S. 1995. Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 166. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  153. Morrison, D. W. & Caccamise, D. F. 1985. Ephemeral roosts and stable patches? A radiotelemetry study of communally roosting starlings. - The Auk 102: 793-804.
    Search in Google Scholar
  154. Morrison, J. L. & Chapman, W. C. 2005. Can urban parks provide habitat for woodpeckers? - Northeastern Naturalist 12(3): 253-262. DOI: 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0253:CUPPHF] 2.0.CO;2
    Search in Google Scholar
  155. Navas, J. R. 2002. Las aves exóticas introducidas y naturalizadas en la Argentina. - Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 4(2): 191-202. (in Spanish with English Summary)
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  156. Nichols, L. L. & Jackson, J. A. 1987. Interspecific aggression and the sexual monochromism of Redheaded Woodpeckers. - Journal of Field Ornithology 58: 288-290.
    Search in Google Scholar
  157. Nilsson, S. G. 1984. The evolution of nest-site selection among hole-nesting birds: the importance of nest predators and competition. - Ornis Scandinavica 15: 167-175. DOI: 10.2307/3675958
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  158. Nilsson, S. G., Johnson, K. & Tjernberg, M. 1991. Is avoidance by Black Woodpeckers of old nest holes due to predators? - Animal Behaviour 8: 439-441. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80845-0
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  159. Oberholser, H. C. 1896. A preliminary list of the birds of Wayne County, Ohio. - Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station 1(4), Article XXIV.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  160. Ónodi, G. & Csörgő, T. 2013. Relationship between vegetation structure and abundance of Great-spotted Woodpeckers (Dendrocopos major) in a mosaic habitat. - Ornis Hungarica 21: 1-11. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2013-0011
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  161. Orchan, Y., Chiron, F., Shwartz, A. & Kark, S. 2013. The complex interaction network among multiple invasive bird species in a cavity-nesting community. - Biological Invasions 15: 429-445. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-012-0298-6
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  162. Osborne, P. 1982. Some effects of Dutch elm disease on nesting farmland birds. - Bird Study 29(1): 2-16. DOI: 10.1080/00063658209476733
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  163. Pimentel, D., Lach, L., Zuniga, R. & Morrison, D. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. - BioScience 50: 53-65. DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2000) 050[0053:EAECON] 2.3.CO;2
    Search in Google Scholar
  164. Pocock, I. 2015. Ireland’s great spots. - BirdWatching 29(6): 28-32.
    Search in Google Scholar
  165. Polder, E. 1963. Starling and woodpecker interactions. - Iowa Bird Life 33: 42-43.
    Search in Google Scholar
  166. Pranty, B. 2007. Status and distribution of Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) in Florida. - North American Birds 61: 658-665.
    Search in Google Scholar
  167. Price, R. E. Jr. 1971. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker in Scotland County, North Carolina. - Chat 35: 42-44.
    Search in Google Scholar
  168. Raffaele, H., Wiley, J., Garrido, O., Keith, A. & Raffaele, J. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. - Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
    Search in Google Scholar
  169. Raphael, M. G. & White, M. 1984. Use of snags by cavity- nesting birds in the Sierra Nevada. - Wildlife Monograph 86.
    Search in Google Scholar
  170. Remm, J., Lohmus, A. & Remm, K. 2006. Tree cavities in riverine forests: What determines their occurrence and use by hole-nesting passerines? - Forest Ecology and Management 221: 267-277. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.015
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  171. Riensche, D. & Cogswell, H. L. 1993. Western sycamore woodland with scattered oaks. - Journal of Field Ornithology 64 (Suppl.1.): 34.
    Search in Google Scholar
  172. Roberge, J-M., Mikusinski, G. & Svensson, S. 2008. The White-backed Woodpecker: umbrella species for forest conservation planning? - Biodiversity Conservation 17: 2479-2494. DOI: 10.1007/ s10531-008-9394-4
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  173. Robinson, R. A., Siriwardena, G. M. & Crick, H. Q. P. 2005. Status and population trends of Starling Sturnus vulgaris in Great Britain. - Bird Study 52: 252-260.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  174. Scheffer, T. H. & Cottam, C. 1935. The Crested Myna, or Chinese Starling, in the Pacific Northwest. - U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, no. 467. Washington, D.C.
    Search in Google Scholar
  175. Sedgwick, J. A. & Knopf, F. L. 1990. Habitat relationships and nest site characteristics of cavity- nesting birds in cottonwood floodplains. - Journal of Wildlife Management 54: 112-124. DOI: 10.2307/3808910
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  176. Selander, R. K. 1966. Sexual dimorphism and differential niche utilization in birds. - The Condor 68: 113-151. DOI: 10.2307/1365712
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  177. Self, B. 2003. Vancouver Crested Mynas gone. - Winging It 15(5): 7.
    Search in Google Scholar
  178. Shelley, L. O. 1933. Some notes on the Hairy Woodpecker. - Bird Banding 4: 204-205.
    Search in Google Scholar
  179. Shelley, L. O. 1935. Flickers attacked by starlings. - The Auk 52: 93.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  180. Short, L. L. 1974. Habits of three endemic West Indian woodpeckers (Aves, Picidae). - American Museum Novitates, no. 2549.
    Search in Google Scholar
  181. Short, L. L. 1979. Burdens of the picid hole-excavating habit. - Wilson Bulletin 91: 16-28.
    Search in Google Scholar
  182. Short, L. L. 1982. Woodpeckers of the World. - Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville, Delaware, Monograph Series, no. 4.
    Search in Google Scholar
  183. Simberloff, D. & Gibbons, L. 2004. Now you see them, now you don’t! - Population crashes of established introduced species. - Biological Invasions 6: 161-172. DOI: 10.1023/B:- BINV.0000022133.49752.46
    Search in Google Scholar
  184. Smith, H. G. & Bruun, M. 2002. The effect of pasture on Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) breeding success and population density in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape in southern Sweden. - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 92: 107-114. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00266-3
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  185. Smith, K. W. 2005. Has the reduction in nest-site competition from Starlings Sturnus vulgaris been a factor in the recent increase of Great-spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major numbers in Britain? - Bird Study 52: 307-313. DOI: 10.1080/00063650509461404
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  186. Smith, K. W. 2006. The implications of nest site competition from Starlings Sturnus vulgaris and the effect of spring temperatures on the timing and breeding performance of Great-spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos major in southern England. - Annales Zoologici Fennici 43: 177-185.
    Search in Google Scholar
  187. Snow, D. W., Perrins, C. M., Gillmore, R., Hillcoat, B., Roselaar, C. S., Vincent, D., Wallace, D. I. M. & Wilson, M. G. 1998. - The birds of the western Palearctic. Concise edition. - Oxford University Press, New York
    Search in Google Scholar
  188. Snyder, J. S. 2003. Patent US6513454 B1. Martin house starling excluder. - U.S. Patent Office, Washington, D.C.
    Search in Google Scholar
  189. Sorace, A., Petrassi, F. & Consiglio, C. 2004. Long distance relocation of nestboxes reduces nest predation by Pine Marten Martes martes. - Bird Study 51: 119-124. DOI: 10.1080/00063650409461343
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  190. Stevenson, H. M. & Anderson, B. H. 1994. The birdlife of Florida. - University Press of Florida, Gainesville
    Search in Google Scholar
  191. Stickel, D. W. 1963. Natural history of the Red-bellied Woodpecker. - M.S. Thesis, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
    Search in Google Scholar
  192. Stighäll, K. 2015. Habitat composition and restocking for conservation of the White-backed Woodpecker in Sweden. - PhD Thesis, Orebro University, Sweden
    Search in Google Scholar
  193. Stone, W. 1908. European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. - The Auk 25: 221-222. DOI: 10.2307/4070711
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  194. Stoner, D. 1925. The toll of the automobile. - Science 61(1568): 56-57. DOI: 10.1126/science.61.1568.56
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  195. Sutton, G. M. 1967. Oklahoma birds. Their ecology and distribution with comments on the avifauna of the southern Great Plains. - University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma
    Search in Google Scholar
  196. Sutton, G. M. 1984. The Red-bellied Woodpeckers fail again. - Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society 17: 1-3.
    Search in Google Scholar
  197. Svensson, S. 2004. Onset of breeding among Swedish Starlings Sturnus vulgaris in relation to spring temperature in 1981-2003. - Ornis Svecica 14: 117-128.
    Search in Google Scholar
  198. Szép, T., Nagy, K., Nagy, Z. & Halmos, G. 2012. Population trends of common breeding and wintering birds in Hungary, decline of long distance migrant and farmland birds during 1999-2012. - Ornis Hungarica 20(2): 13-63. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2013-0007
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  199. Szlivka, L. 1957. Biological data on the Syrian Woodpecker, Dendrocopos syriacus balcanicus, and its relations towards the Starling, Sturnus vulgaris. - Larus 9-10: 43-56. [English translation by the Smithsonian Institution, 1973]
    Search in Google Scholar
  200. Taber, S. R. 1921. A bird battle. - Bird-Lore 23: 243.
    Search in Google Scholar
  201. Tashiro-Vierling, K. 1994. Population trends and ecology of the Lewis’s Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) in southeastern Colorado. - M.A. Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder
    Search in Google Scholar
  202. Taylor, R. G. 1953. Starlings in Jamaica. - Ibis 95: 700-701.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  203. Tobalske, B. W. 1996. Scaling of muscle composition, wing morphology, and intermittent flight behavior in woodpeckers. - The Condor 113: 151-177. DOI: 10.2307/4088943
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  204. Tobalske, B. W. 1997. Lewis’ Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 284. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  205. Troetschler, R. G. 1970. The impact of the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) on the native hole-nesting species of the San Francisco Bay region. - M.S. Thesis, San Jose State University, San Jose
    Search in Google Scholar
  206. Troetschler, R. G. 1976. Acorn Woodpecker breeding strategy as affected by Starling nest-hole competition. - The Condor 78: 151-165. DOI: 10.2307/1366850
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  207. Turner, E. L. 1908. Green Woodpecker versus Starling. - British Birds 2: 141-146.
    Search in Google Scholar
  208. van Balen, J. H., Booy, C. J. H., Franeker, J. A. V. & Osieck, E. R. 1982. Studies on hole-nesting birds in natural nest sites. - Ardea 70: 1-24. DOI: 10.5253/arde.v70.p1
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  209. Verheyen, R. F. 1969. Le choix du nichoir chez l’Etourneau, Sturnus v. vulgaris [The nesting box selection of the Starling, Sturnus v. vulgaris]. - Le Gerfaut 59: 239-259. (in French)
    Search in Google Scholar
  210. Vierling, K. T. 1998. Interactions between European Starlings and Lewis’ Woodpeckers at nest cavities. - Journal of Field Ornithology 69(3): 376-379.
    Search in Google Scholar
  211. Villard, P. 1999. The Guadeloupe Woodpecker and other islands Melanerpes. - Société d’ Études Ornithologiques de France, Brunoy
    Search in Google Scholar
  212. Vysotsky, V. G. 2005. Survival of the Starling Sturnus vulgaris in the eastern Baltic: different stages of the population dynamics. - Avian Ecology and Behaviour 13: 1-10.
    Search in Google Scholar
  213. Walters, E. L., Miller, E. H. & Lowther, P. E. 2002a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 662. - The Birds of North America Incorporated, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  214. Walters, E. L., Miller, E. H. & Lowther, P. E. 2002b Red-breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber, Rednaped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 663. - The Birds of North America Incorporated, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  215. Wesolowski, T. 2007. Lessons from long-term holenester studies in a primeval temperate forest. - Journal of Ornithology 148: 395-405. DOI: 10.1007/s10336-007-0198-1
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  216. Wiebe, K. L. 2001. Microclimate of tree cavity nests: Is it important for reproductive success in Northern Flickers? - The Auk 118: 412-421. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0412:MOTCNI] 2.0.CO;2
    Search in Google Scholar
  217. Wiebe, K. L., Koenig, W. D. & Martin, K. 2007. Costs and benefits of nest reuse versus excavation in cavity- nesting birds. - Annales Zoologici Fennici 44: 209-217.
    Search in Google Scholar
  218. Wiley, J. W. & Wunderle, J. M. Jr. 1993. The effects of hurricanes on birds, with special reference to Caribbean islands. - Bird Conservation International 3: 319-349.
    Search in Google Scholar
  219. Willet, G. 1930. The Common Mynah breeding in Los Angeles. - The Condor 32: 301-302.
    Search in Google Scholar
  220. Willimont, L. A. 1990. A case of competition between European Starlings and West Indian Woodpeckers on Abaco, Bahamas. - Florida Field Naturalist 18(1): 14-15.
    Search in Google Scholar
  221. Wood, C. A. 1924. The starling family at home and abroad. - The Condor 26: 123-136. DOI: 10.2307/1363216
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  222. Zeleny, L. 1969. Starlings versus native cavity-nesting birds. - Atlantic Naturalist 24: 158-161.
    Search in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2016-0001 | Journal eISSN: 2061-9588 | Journal ISSN: 1215-1610
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 41
Submitted on: May 3, 2016
Accepted on: Jun 10, 2016
Published on: Jul 14, 2016
Published by: MME/BirdLife Hungary
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
woodpecker,
Sturnus vulgaris,
nest-site competition,
habitat
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2016 Jerome A. Jackson, Bette J. S. Jackson, published by MME/BirdLife Hungary
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 24 (2016): Issue 1 (June 2016)
Next article