Mapping Changes in Settlement Number and Demography in the South of Israel from the Hellenistic to the Early Islamic Period

Cosijns, Lev; Olshanetsky, Haggai

doi:10.1515/opar-2025-0065

Abstract

The south of Israel was lately at the heart of a debate regarding the supposed catastrophic effects of the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA) and the Justinianic plague. The current article aims to contribute to this debate by examining the fluctuations in settlement numbers in the south of modern-day Israel, between the Hellenistic and Early Islamic periods. It will do this by aggregating archaeological survey data, mapping it on ArcGIS and analysing it quantitively and qualitatively, while comparing it with data from excavations. Through this, it will be shown that a decline in settlements occurred only from the 7th century CE and the damaging effects of the LALIA and the Justinianic plague will be questioned.

References

Abadi-Reiss, Y. (2020). Miẕpe Ramon-final report. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excav. Surv. Israel 132.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Adapa, S.R., Hendrix, K., Upadhyay, A., Dutta, S., Vianello, A., O’Corry-Crowe, G., Monroy, J., Ferrer, T., Remily-Wood, E., Ferreira, G.C., et al.. (2025). Genetic evidence of Yersinia pestis from the first pandemic. Genes 16: 926, https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16080926.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Alston, R. (1999). The revolt of the Boukoloi: geography, history and myth. In: Hopwood, K. and Alston, R. (Eds.). Organised crime in antiquity. Duckworth, London, pp. 129–153.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Arjava, A. (2005). The mystery cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean sources. Dumbart. Oaks Pap. 59: 73–94, https://doi.org/10.2307/4128751.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Armstrong, G.T. (1967). Imperial church building in the Holy Land in the fourth century. Biblic. Archaeol. 30: 90–102, https://doi.org/10.2307/3210984.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Armstrong, P. (1996). The survey area in the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. In: Cavanagh, W.G. (Ed.). The Laconia survey: continuity and change in a Greek rural landscape. British School at Athens, London, pp. 339–401.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ashkenazi, E., Avni, Y., and Chen, Y. (2020). The vitality of fruit trees in ancient Bedouin orchards in the Arid Negev Highlands (Israel): implications of climatic change and environmental stability. Quat. Int. 545: 73–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.09.039.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Avi-Yonah, M. (1956). The Samaritan Revolts against the Byzantine Empire. Erets-Yiśraʼel 4: 127–132.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Avi-Yonah, M. (1958). The economics of Byzantine Palestine. Isr. Explor. J. 8: 39–51.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Avi-Yonah, M. (1980). During the days of Rome and Byzantium. Mossad Bialik, Jerusalem.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Avner, U., Ginat, H., Shalev, S., Shilstine, S., Langford, B., Frumkin, A., Shem-Tov, R., Filin, S., Arav, R., Basson, U., et al.. (2018). Ancient copper mines at Nahal ‘Amram, Southern Arabah. In: Ben-Yosef, E. (Ed.). Mining for ancient copper: essays in memory of Beno Rothenberg. Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania, pp. 147–177.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Avni, G. (2010). The Persian conquest of Jerusalem (614 C.E.) – an archaeological assessment. Bull. Am. Sch. Orient. Res. 357: 35–48, https://doi.org/10.1086/basor27805159.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Avni, G., Bar-Oz, G., and Gambash, G. (2023). When “the Sweet Gifts of Bacchus” ended – new archaeological evidence for settlement changes and the decline of wine production in late Antique Southern Palestine. Bull. Am. Soc. Overseas Res. 389: 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1086/724060.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Avni, G., Porat, N., and Avni, Y. (2013). Byzantine-Early Islamic agricultural systems in the Negev Highlands: stages of development as interpreted through OSL dating. J. Field Archaeol. 38: 332–346, https://doi.org/10.1179/0093469013Z.00000000052.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Avni, Y., Porat, N., Plakht, J., and Avni, G. (2006). Geomorphic changes leading to natural desertification versus anthropogenic land conservation in an arid environment, the Negev Highlands, Israel. Geomorphology 82: 177–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.05.002.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bailey, M. (1989). A marginal economy? East Anglian Breckland in the later middle Ages, 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bar-Oz, G., Weissbrod, L., Erickson-Gini, T., Tepper, Y., Malkinson, D., Benzaquen, M., Langgut, D., Dunseth, Z.C., Butler, D.H., Shahack-Gross, R., et al.. (2019). Ancient trash mounds unravel urban collapse a century before the end of Byzantine hegemony in the Southern Levant. PNAS 116: 8239–8248, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900233116.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bar, D. (2003). The Christianisation of rural Palestine during late antiquity. J. Eccles. Hist. 54: 401–421, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022046903007309.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bar, D. (2005). Rural monasticism as a key element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine. Harv. Theol. Rev. 98: 49–65, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816005000854.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Beit-Arieh, I. and Cresson, B.C. (1991). Horvat Uza, a fortified outpost on the Eastern Negev border. Biblic. Archaeol. 54: 126–135, https://doi.org/10.2307/3210261.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Benovitz, N. (2014). The Justinianic plague: evidence from the dated Greek epitaphs of Byzantine Palestine and Arabia. J. Rom. Archaeol. 27: 487–498, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759414001378.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bintliff, J.L. and Snodgrass, A.M. (1985). The Cambridge/Bradford Boeotian expedition: the first four years. J. Field Archaeol. 12: 123–161, https://doi.org/10.1179/009346985791169490.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blanton, R.E. (2000). Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine settlement patterns of the coast lands of the Western Rough Cilicia. Archaeopress, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bonifay, M., Carre, M.B., and Rigoir, Y. (1998). Fouilles À Marseille: Les Mobiliers, Ier-Viie Siècles Ap. J.C. Errance, ADAM, Paris.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bonifay, M. and Pieri, D. (1995). Amphores Du Ve Au Viie S. À Marseille: Nouvelles Données Sur La Typologie Et Le Contenu. J. Rom. Archaeol. 8: 94–120, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400015993.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bonifay, M. and Pieri, D. (2020). Merovingian Gaul and the Mediterranean: ceramics and trade. In: Effros, B. and Moreira, I. (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of the Merovingian world. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 861–882.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bowden, H. and Gill, D. (1997a). Late Roman Methana. In: Mee, C., Forbes, H.A., and Atherton, M.P. (Eds.). A rough and rocky place: the landscape and settlement history of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, pp. 84–91.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bowden, H. and Gill, D. (1997b). Roman Methana. In: Mee, C., Forbes, H.A., and Atherton, M.P. (Eds.). A rough and rocky place: the landscape and settlement history of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, pp. 77–83.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brown, M.P. (2017). The bridge in the desert: towards establishing an historical context for the newly discovered Latin manuscripts of St Catherine’s Sinai. Rivista degli studi orientali 90: 73–98, https://doi.org/10.19272/201703814004.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bruins, H.J. (2012). Ancient desert agriculture in the Negev and climate-zone boundary changes during average, wet and drought years. J. Arid Environ. 86: 28–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.01.015.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Büntgen, U., Myglan, V.S., Ljungqvist, F.C., McCormick, M., Di Cosmo, N., Sigl, M., Jungclaus, J., Wagner, S., Krusic, P.J., Esper, J., et al.. (2016). Cooling and societal change during the late Antique little ice age from 536 to around 660 A.D. Nat. Geosci. 9: 231–236, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2652.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cameron, D. (2018). Towards a re-dating of Pompey’s conquest of Jerusalem. J. Jew Stud. 69: 225–247, https://doi.org/10.18647/3370/jjs-2018.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Caputo, C. (2019). Egyptian and imported Amphoras at Amheida. In: Bagnall, R.S. and Tallet, G. (Eds.). The Great Oasis of Egypt. The Kharga and Dakhla Oases in antiquity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 168–191.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cherry, J.F. (2005). Survey. In: Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P.G. (Eds.). Archaeology: the key concepts. Routledge, London, pp. 248–254.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cook, J.M. (1973). The troad: an archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cosijns, L. and Olshanetsky, H. (2022). Did the Byzantine Negev settlements exhaust the surrounding environment? A response to “Environment and horticulture in the Byzantine Negev Desert, Israel: sustainability, prosperity and enigmatic decline”. Graeco-Latina Brunensia 27: 5–14, https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2022-2-1.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cosijns, L.S. (2024). Am I my children’s keeper? Evidence for infanticide in the Roman Empire. J. Anc. Hist. Archaeol. 11: 23–39, https://doi.org/10.14795/j.v11i3.1024.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dagan, Y. (2014). The survey project in the Judean Shephela: an intermediate summary. Qadmoniot 47: 90–96.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dahari, U. and Sion, O. (2017). Ruheiba – Rehovot in the Negev as a model desert town. Qadmoniot: J. Antiq. Eretz-Israel Bible Lands 50: 66–77.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
David, C.B. and Isaac, B. (2020). Six milestone stations and new inscriptions discovered in the Negev along the Petra-Gaza Incense Route. Palest. Explor. Q. 152: 234–247, https://doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2019.1694789.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Davies, G. and Magness, J. (2015). The 2003–2007 excavations in the Late Roman fort at Yotvata. Eisenbrauns, Ann Arbor.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
De Barros Damgaard, P., Marchi, N., Rasmussen, S., Peyrot, M., Renaud, G., Korneliussen, T., Moreno-Mayar, J.V., Pedersen, M.W., Goldberg, A., Usmanova, E., et al.. (2018). 137 Ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 557: 369–374, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
De Vos Raaijmakers, M. and Attoui, R. (2013). Rus Africum – le Paysage Rural Antique Autour De Dougga Et Téboursouk: cartographie, Relevés Et Chronologie Des Établissements, Vol. 1. Edipuglia, Bari.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
De Vos Raaijmakers, M., Attoui, R., and Battisti, A. (2013). Rus Africum – Le Paysage Rural Antique Autour De Dougga: L’aqueduc Aïn Hammam-Thugga, Cartographie Et Relevés, Vol. 2. Edipuglia, Bari.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eisenberg, M. and Mordechai, L. (2019). The Justinianic plague: an interdisciplinary review. Byzantine Mod. Greek Stud. 43: 156–180, https://doi.org/10.1017/byz.2019.10.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eisenberg, M. and Mordechai, L. (2020). The Justinianic plague and global pandemics: the making of the plague concept. Am. Hist. Rev. 125: 1632–1667, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa510.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Elton, H. (2018). The Roman Empire in late antiquity: a political and military history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Erdkamp, P. (2019). War, food, climate change, and the decline of the Roman Empire. J. Late Antiq. 12: 422–465, https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2019.0021.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Erdkamp, P. (2021). Climate change and the productive landscape in the Mediterranean region in the Roman period. In: Climate change and ancient societies in Europe and the near East: diversity in collapse and resilience. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 411–442.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Erickson-Gini, T. (2010). Nabataean settlement and self-organized economy in the central Negev: crisis and renewal. Archaeopress, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Erickson-Gini, T. (2015). Horbat Bor-final report. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excav. Surv. Israel 127.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Erickson-Gini, T. (2021). Problems and solutions in dating Nabataean pottery of the post-annexation period. Pol. Archaeol. Mediterr. 30: 681–706, https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam30.2.01.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Erickson-Gini, T. and Bekes, K.M. (2019). En Hazeva-final report. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excav. Surv. Israel 131.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Erickson-Gini, T., Lifshitz, V., and Alajem, E. (2018). Horvat Sa’adon – excavations in the Roman tomb and Byzantine church. Strata 36: 37–56.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Erickson-Gini, T. and Mamalya, H. (2022). A Late Roman Caravanserai and Early Byzantine Winepress near Be’er Mash’abim (Bir ‘Asluj) in the central Negev. In: Golani, A., Varga, D., Tchekhanovets, Y., and Birkenfeld, M. (Eds.). Archaeological excavations and research studies in Southern Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, pp. 139–167.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fabian, P. and Goren, Y. (2002). A new type of Late roman storage jar from the Negev. In: Humphrey, J.H. (Ed.). The Roman and Byzantine near East: some recent archaeological research, Vol. 3. Journal of Roman Archaeology, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 145–153.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Faust, A. and Safrai, Z. (2015). Settlement history of ancient Israel: a quantitative analysis. Ingeborg Renert Centre for the Study of Jerusalem, Ramat Gan.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Faust, A. and Safrai, Z.e. (2005). Salvage excavations as a source for reconstructing settlement history in ancient Israel. Palest. Explor. Q. 137: 139–158, https://doi.org/10.1179/003103205x62981.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ferrill, A. (1986). The fall of the Roman Empire: the military explanation. Thames and Hudson, London.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Forsén, B. (2003). The Archaic-Hellenistic periods – conclusions. In: Forsén, J. and Forsén, B. (Eds.). The Asea Valley survey : an Arcadian Mountain Valley from the Paleolithic period until modern times. Svenska Institutet i Athen, Stockholm, pp. 247–271.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Forsén, B. and Karivieri, A. (2003). The roman-early modern periods – conclusions. In: Forsén, J. and Forsén, B. (Eds.). The Asea Valley survey: an Arcadian Mountain Valley from the Paleolithic period until modern times. Svenska Institutet i Athen, Stockholm, pp. 307–331.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Forsyth, G.H. (1968). The monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai: the church and fortress of Justinian. Dumbart. Oaks Pap. 22: 1–19, https://doi.org/10.2307/1291273.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Foss, C. (2003). The Persians in the Roman near East (602–630 AD). J. Roman Archaeol. Suppl. Ser. 13: 149–170, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186303003055.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Franḳel, R. (2001). Settlement dynamics and regional diversity in ancient Upper Galilee: archaeological survey of Upper Galilee. Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fuks, D., Ackermann, O., Ayalon, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Bar-Oz, G., Levi, Y., Maeir, A.M., Weiss, E., Zilberman, T., and Safrai, Z. (2017). Dust clouds, climate change and coins: consiliences of palaeoclimate and economy in the late antique Southern Levant. Levant 49: 205–223, https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2017.1379181.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fuks, D., Avni, G., and Bar-Oz, G. (2021). The debate on Negev viticulture and Gaza wine in late antiquity. Tel Aviv 48: 143–170, https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2021.1968626.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fuks, D., Bar-Oz, G., Tepper, Y., Erickson-Gini, T., Langgut, D., Weissbrod, L., and Weiss, E. (2020). The rise and fall of viticulture in the late antique Negev Highlands reconstructed from archaeobotanical and ceramic data. PNAS 117: 19780–19791, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922200117.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Goldreich, Y. (2003). The climate of Israel: observation, research and application. Springer, New York.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Harper, K. (2017). The fate of Rome: climate, disease, and the end of an empire. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hawting, G.R. (2000). The first dynasty of Islam: the Umayyad caliphate AD 661–750, 2nd ed. Routledge, London.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Heather, P.J. (2018). Rome resurgent: war and empire in the age of Justinian. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Heinzelmann, M., Schöne, C., Schröder, A., Wozniok, D., Jordan, F., Erickson-Gini, T., Kühn, M., Langgut, D., and Lehnig, S. (2022). Elusa–from Nabatean trading post to late antique desert metropolis. Results of the 2015− 2020 seasons. Archäologischer Anzeiger 1: 237–297.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Helama, S., Jones, P.D., and Briffa, K.R. (2017). Dark ages cold period: a literature review and directions for future research. Holocene 27: 1600–1606, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617693898.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hirschfeld, Y. (1997). Farms and villages in Byzantine Palestine. Dumbart. Oaks Pap. 51: 33–71, https://doi.org/10.2307/1291761.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Holmqvist, E. (2009). Ceramic production traditions in the late Byzantine-Early Islamic transition: a comparative analytical study of ceramics from Palaestina Tertia. In: Biró, K.T., Szilágyi, V., and Kreiter, A. (Eds.). Vessels: inside and outside. Proceedings of the conference Emac ‘07. 9th European meeting on ancient ceramics, pp. 91–96.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Holmqvist, E. (2019). Ceramics in transition: production and exchange of late Byzantine-Early Islamic pottery in Southern Transjordan and the Negev. Archaeopress, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ibrahim, M.M. and El Mahi, A.T. (2000). Metallurgy in Oman during the Early Islamic period. In: The archaeology of Jordan and beyond. Brill, Leiden, pp. 207–220.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Issar, A. and Tsoar, H. (1987). Who is to blame for the desertification of the Negev, Israel. In: Solomon, S.I., Beran, M., and Hogg, W. (Eds.). The influence of climate change and climatic variability on the hydrologic regime and water resources (Proceedings of the Vancouver symposium, August 1987). International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Wallingford, pp. 577–583.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Izdebski, A., Pickett, J., Roberts, N., and Waliszewski, T. (2016). The environmental, archaeological and historical evidence for regional climatic changes and their societal impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean in late antiquity. Quat. Sci. Rev. 136: 189–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.022.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jameson, M.H., Munn, M.H., Runnels, C.N., and Van Andel, T.H. (1994). A Greek countryside: the Southern Argolid from prehistory to the present day. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Junge, A., Dunseth, Z.C., Shahack-Gross, R., Finkelstein, I., and Fuchs, M. (2021). Construction and use of rock-cut cisterns: a chronological OSL approach in the arid Negev Highlands, Israel. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 13: 150, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01366-5.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Keller, M., Spyrou, M.A., Scheib, C.L., Neumann, G.U., Kröpelin, A., Haas-Gebhard, B., Päffgen, B., Haberstroh, J., Lacombai, A.R.I., Raynaud, C., et al.. (2019). Ancient Yersinia Pestis genomes from across Western Europe reveal early diversification during the first pandemic (541–750). PNAS 116: 12363–12372, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820447116.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kenawi, M. (2014). Alexandria’s Hinterland: archaeology of the Western Nile Delta. Archaeopress, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kennedy, D. (1997). The special command of M. Valerius Lollianus. In: Amicitiae, Donum (Ed.). Studies in ancient history. Jagiellonian University Press, Krakow, pp. 69–81.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kennedy, H. (1985). From Polis to Madina: urban change in late antique and Early Islamic Syria. Past Present 106: 3–27, https://doi.org/10.1093/past/106.1.3.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kennedy, H. (1986). The Early Abbasid caliphate: a political history, Paperback ed. Croom Helm, London.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kingsley, S.A. (2004). Shipwreck archaeology of the Holy Land: processes and parameters. Duckworth, London.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Korzhenkov, A.M. and Mazor, E. (2014). Archaeoseismological damage patterns at the ancient Ruins at Rehovot-Ba-Negev, Israel. Archaeologischer Anzeiger 1: 75–92.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kouki, P. (2013). Problems of relating environmental history to human settlement in the classical and late classical periods – The example of Southern Jordan. In: Harris, W.V. (Ed.). The ancient Mediterranean environment between science and history. Brill, Leiden, pp. 213–231.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Koukoulis, T. (1997). Medieval Methana. In: Mee, C., Forbes, H.A., and Atherton, M.P. (Eds.). A rough and rocky place: the landscape and settlement history of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, pp. 92–100.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Langgut, D., Tepper, Y., Benzaquen, M., Erickson-Gini, T., and Bar-Oz, G. (2020). Environment and horticulture in the Byzantine Negev desert, Israel: sustainability, prosperity and enigmatic decline. Quat. Int. 593: 160–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.056.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lantos, S., Bar-Oz, G., and Gambash, G. (2020). Wine from the desert: late-antique Negev viniculture and the famous Gaza wine. Near E. Archaeol. 83: 56–64, https://doi.org/10.1086/707483.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Leibner, U. (2009). Settlement and history in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: an archaeological survey of the Eastern Galilee. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Leidwanger, J. (2020). Roman Seas: a maritime archaeology of Eastern Mediterranean economies. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (2015). East and West in late antiquity: invasion, settlement, ethnogenesis and conflicts of religion. Brill, Leiden.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liphschitz, N. and Waisel, Y. (1976). Dendroarchaeological investigations in Israel (St. Catherine’s monastery in Southern Sinai). Isr. Explor. J. 26: 39–44.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Magness, J. (2003). The archaeology of the Early Islamic settlement in Palestine. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Majcherek, G. (1995). Gazan amphorae: typology reconsidered. In: Meyza, H. and Młynarczyk, Y. (Eds.). Hellenistic and Roman pottery in the Eastern mediterranean: advances in scientific studies-acts of the II Nieborów pottery workshop, Nieborów, 18–20 December 1993. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, pp. 163–178.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mango, M.M. (2001). Beyond the Amphora: non-ceramic evidence for late antique industry and trade. In: Decker, M. and Kingsley, S.A. (Eds.). Economy and exchange in the East Mediterranean during late antiquity: proceedings of a conference at Somerville College, Oxford-29th May, 1999. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 87–106.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Margulis, M. and Rosen, S.A. (2025). Nabatean tent sites on the Ruhot plain, central Negev, and nomadic visibility. Bull. Am. Soc. Overseas Res. 393: 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1086/734106.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mayerson, P. (1982). The pilgrim routes to Mount Sinai and the Armenians. Isr. Explor. J. 32: 44–57.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mayerson, P. (1989). Saracens and Romans: micro-macro relationships. Bull. Am. Sch. Orient. Res. 274: 71–79, https://doi.org/10.2307/1357054.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mayerson, P. (1992). The Gaza wine jar (Gazition) and the lost Ashkelon jar (Askalonion). Isr. Explor. J. 42: 76–80.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McCormick, M. (2015). Tracking mass death during the fall of Rome’s empire (I). J. Rom. Archaeol. 28: 325–358, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1047759415002512.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McCormick, M. (2016). Tracking mass death during the fall of Rome’s empire (II): a first inventory of mass graves. J. Rom. Archaeol. 29: 1004–1007, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400073190.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McCormick, M. (2021). Gregory of tours on sixth-century plague and other epidemics. Speculum 96: 38–96, https://doi.org/10.1086/711721.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McCormick, M., Büntgen, U., Cane, M.A., Cook, E.R., Harper, K., Huybers, P., Litt, T., Manning, S.W., Mayewski, P.A., More, A.F.M., et al.. (2012). Climate change during and after the Roman Empire: reconstructing the past from scientific and historical evidence. J. Interdiscipl. Hist. 43: 169–220, https://doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_00379.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Meyers, E.M. (1981). Excavations at ancient Meiron, Upper Galilee, Israel, 1971–72, 1974–75, 1977. American Schools of Oriental Research, Cambridge, Mass.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Michael, N.D. (2022). Settlement patterns in the Northern Negev from the Hellenistic through the Early Islamic periods. Propylaeum, Heidelberg.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Michael, N.D. and Tepper, Y. (2021). Be’er Sheva’, Maẕliaẖ intersection. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excav. Surv. Israel 133, https://doi.org/10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.26050.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Micheau, F. (2008). Baghdad in the Abbasid Era: a cosmopolitan and multi-confessional capital. In: Jayyusi, S.K., Holod, R., Petruccioli, A., and Raymond, A. (Eds.). The city in the Islamic world. Brill, Leiden, pp. 219–245.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Migowski, C., Stein, M., Prasad, S., Negendank, J.F.W., and Agnon, A. (2006). Holocene climate variability and cultural evolution in the near East from the Dead Sea sedimentary record. Quat. Res. 66: 421–431, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.06.010.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mordechai, L. and Eisenberg, M. (2019). Rejecting catastrophe: the case of the Justinianic plague. Past Present 244: 3–48, https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz009.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mordechai, L., Eisenberg, M., Newfield, T.P., Izdebski, A., Kay, J.E., and Poinar, H. (2019). The Justinianic plague: an inconsequential pandemic? PNAS 116: 25546–25554, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903797116.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Murdoch, A. (2006). The Last Roman: Romulus Augustulus and the decline of the West. Sutton, Stroud.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nathanson, B.G. (1986). Jews, Christians, and the Gallus revolt in fourth-century Palestine. Biblic. Archaeol. 49: 26–36, https://doi.org/10.2307/3209979.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Negev, A. (1977). The inscriptions of Wadi Haggag, Sinai. Qedem 6.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Negev, A. (1988). The Nabatean cities of the Negev. Ariel, Jerusalem.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Negev, A. and Gibson, S. (2001). Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land, New, rev., and updated ed. Continuum, New York.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Niewöhner, P. (2011). The riddle of the market gate: Miletus and the character and date of earlier Byzantine fortifications in Anatolia. In: Dally, O. and Ratté, C.J. (Eds.). Archaeology and the cities of Asia minor in late antiquity. Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, Ann Arbor, Mich., pp. 103–122.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Niewöhner, P. (2013). Phrygian marble and stonaemasonry as markers of regional distinctiveness in late antiquity. In: Thonemann, P. (Ed.). Roman phrygia: culture and society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 215–248.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nol, H. (2015). The fertile desert: agriculture and copper industry in Early Islamic Arava (Arabah). Palest. Explor. Q. 147: 49–68, https://doi.org/10.1179/1743130114Y.0000000012.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Olshanetsky, H. (2024). The identity of the leaders of the second Jewish revolt and Bar Koseba’s true role in the insurrection. Palest. Explor. Q.: 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2024.2435788.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Olshanetsky, H. and Cosijns, L. (2021). The Persian invasion of 614 A.D. as a possible catalyst for the decline and fall of the Negev settlements. Diogenes 12: 4–25.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Olshanetsky, H. and Cosijns, L. (2022). Did they influence at all? A re-analysis of the effects of the late antique little ice age and the Justinianic plague on the Eastern Roman Empire during the 6th and 7th centuries CE. Muza 5: 24–41.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Olshanetsky, H. and Cosijns, L. (2023). Did we stop throwing away the garbage? Negating urban collapse at Elusa in the sixth century CE. Isr. Explor. J. 73: 88–104.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Olshanetsky, H. and Cosijns, L. (2024). Challenging the significance of the Lalia and the Justinianic plague: a reanalysis of the archaeological record. Klio 106: 721–759, https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2023-0031.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Orland, I.J., Bar-Matthews, M., Kita, N.T., Ayalon, A., Matthews, A., and Valley, J.W. (2009). Climate deterioration in the Eastern Mediterranean as revealed by ion microprobe analysis of a Speleothem that Grew from 2.2 to 0.9 ka in Soreq Cave, Israel. Quat. Res. 71: 27–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.08.005.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Parker, S.T. (1986). Romans and Saracens: a history of the Arabian Frontier. American Schools of Oriental Research, s.l.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Parker, S.T. (1999). An empire’s new Holy Land: the Byzantine period. Near E. Archaeol. 62: 134–180, https://doi.org/10.2307/3210712.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Passi, S., Rothschild-Boros, M.C., Fasella, P., Nazzaro-Porro, M., and Whitehouse, D. (1981). An application of high performance liquid chromatography to analysis of lipids in archaeological samples. J. Lipid Res. 22: 778–784, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37349-1.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pasternak, M.D. and Karkovsky, M. (2022). ‘Ar’Ara in the Negev. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excav. Surv. Israel 134.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Patrich, J. (2012). Caravan trade: the ‘Nabataean’ fortresses in the ‘Aravah re-examined. Ḳatedrah be-toldot Erets-Yiśraʼel ṿe-yishuvah 146: 7–26.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Patrich, J. (2019). Recent archaeological research on monasteries in Palæstina Byzantina: an update on distribution. In: Delouis, O., and Mossakowska-Gaubert, M. (Eds.). La Vie Quotidienne Des Moines En Orient Et En Occident (Ive-Xe Siècle) Volume II: questions Transversales. l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale IFAO, Caire, pp. 77–106.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Patrich, J., Backner, T., Burger, S., and Tarkhanova, S. (2020). Churches of the Holy Land. A new digital corpus: introduction and some preliminary results. In: Coniglio, A., and Ricco, A. (Eds.). Holy Land: archaeology on either side. Archaeological essays in Honour of Eugenio Alliata, Ofm. Edizioni Terra Santa, Milan, pp. 11–32.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pecci, A., Salvini, L., and Cantini, F. (2010). Residue analysis of some Late Roman Amphora coming from the excavations of the historical centre of Florence. In: Gurt Esparraguera, J.M., Buxeda i Garrigós, J., and Cau Ontiveros, M.A. (Eds.). LRCW I: Late Roman coarse wares, cooking wares and amphorae in the Mediterranean: archaeology and archaeometry. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 363–367.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peregrine, P.N. (2020). Climate and social change at the start of the late antique little ice age. Holocene 30: 1643–1648, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620941079.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pieri, D. (2005). Le Commerce Du Vin Oriental À L’époque Byzantine ∼(Ve-VIIe Siècles): Le Témoignage Des Amphores En Gaule. Institut français du Proche-Orient, Beyrouth.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Porath, Y., Liphschitz, N., Wiesel, Y., and Sharon, M. (2016). Tunnel-well (Qanat) systems and settlements from the Early Islamic period in the ‘Arava. ‘Atiqot 86: 1–81.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rautman, M. (2021). Valley and village in Late Roman Cyprus. In: Bowden, W., Lavan, L., and Machado, C. (Eds.). Recent research on the late Antique countryside. Brill, Leiden, pp. 189–218.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reynolds, P. (1995). Trade in the Western Mediterranean, A.D. 400–700: the ceramic evidence. Tempus Reparatum, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reynolds, P. (2005). Levantine Amphorae from Cilicia to Gaza: a typology and analysis of regional production trends from the 1st to 7th centuries. In: Gurt Esparraguera, J.M., Buxeda i Garrigós, J., and Cau Ontiveros, M.A. (Eds.). LRCW I: Late Roman coarse wares, cooking wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: archaeology and archaeometry. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 563–611.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Riley, J.A. (1975). The pottery from the first session of excavations in the Caesarea Hippodrome. Bull. Am. Sch. Orient. Res. 218: 25–63, https://doi.org/10.2307/1356166.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Roberts, N., Cassis, M., Doonan, O., Eastwood, W., Elton, H., Haldon, J., Izdebski, A., and Newhard, J. (2018). Not the end of the world? Post-classical decline and recovery in rural Anatolia. Hum. Ecol. 46: 305–322, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-018-9973-2.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Romanus, K., Baeten, J., Poblome, J., Accardo, S., Degryse, P., Jacobs, P., De Vos, D., and Waelkens, M. (2009). Wine and olive oil permeation in pitched and non-pitched ceramics: relation with results from archaeological amphorae from Sagalassos, Turkey. J. Archaeol. Sci. 36: 900–909, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.024.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Römer, C. and Bailey, D.M. (2019). The Fayoum survey project: the Themistou Meris. Peeters, Leuven.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rose, C.B. (2011). Troy and the Granicus River Valley in late antiquity. In: Dally, O. and Ratté, C.J. (Eds.). Archaeology and the cities of Asia minor in late antiquity. Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, Ann Arbor, Mich., pp. 151–171.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rosen, S.A. (2011). The desert and the pastoralist: an archaeological perspective on human-landscape interaction in the Negev over the Millennia. Ann. Arid Zone 50: 1–15.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rosen, S.A. (2017). Basic instabilities? Climate and culture in the Negev over the long term. Geoarchaeology 32: 6–22, https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21572.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rubin, R. (1996). Urbanization, settlement and agriculture in the Negev desert – the impact of the Roman-Byzantine Empire on the Frontier. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 112: 49–60.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rubin, R. (1998). The Roman-Byzantine Empire and its desert Frontiers: the Negev Vs Tripolitania: a comparative study. Cathedra: 63–82.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ruffini, G. (2011). Village life and family power in late antique Nessana. TAPA 141: 201–225, https://doi.org/10.1353/apa.2011.0002.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarris, P. (2002). The Justinianic plague: origins and effects. Continuity Change 17: 169–182, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416002004137.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarris, P. (2020). Climate and disease. In: Hermans, E. (Ed.). A companion to the global early middle ages. Arc Humanities Press, Leeds, pp. 511–537.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarris, P. (2022). Viewpoint new approaches to the ‘Plague of Justinian’. Past Present 254: 315–346, https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtab024.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sazanov, A. (2017). Les Amophores Lra 4: Problèmes De Typologie Et De Chronologie. In: Dixneuf, D. (Ed.). LRCW 5: late roman coarse wares, cooking wares and amphorae in the mediterranean: archaeology and archaeometry, Vol. 2. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 629–650.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schöne, C., Heinzelmann, M., Erickson-Gini, T., and Wozniok, D. (2019). Elusa–urban development and economy of a city in the desert. In: Lichtenberger, A., Tal, O., and Weiss, Z. (Eds.). Judaea/Palaestina and Arabia: cities and hinterlands in roman and Byzantine times. Propylaeum, Heidelberg, pp. 141–154.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schwartz, D.R. (1990). Agrippa I: the last king of Judaea. J.C.B. Mohr, Tübingen.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Seligman, J. (2020). Creating economic capacity for pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Byzantine period. In: Daim, F., Pahlitzsch, J., Patrich, J., Rapp, C., and Seligman, J. (Eds.). Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Journeys, destinations, experiences across times and cultures: proceedings of the conference held in Jerusalem, 5th to 7th December 2017. Propylaeum, Heidelberg, pp. 31–39.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shipley, G. (1996). The survey area in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. In: Cavanagh, W.G. (Ed.). The Laconia survey: continuity and change in a Greek rural landscape. British School at Athens, London, pp. 257–337.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sigl, M., Winstrup, M., Mcconnell, J.R., Welten, K.C., Plunkett, G., Ludlow, F., Büntgen, U., Caffee, M., Chellman, N., Dahl-Jensen, D., et al.. (2015). Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years. Nature 523: 543–549, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14565.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Singer-Avitz, L. and Ayalon, E. (2023). Yotvata the Ze’ev Meshel excavations (1974–1980): the iron I “Fortress” and the Early Islamic settlement. Penn State University Press, University Park, USA.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Singer, A. (2007). The Soils of Israel. Springer, New York.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sion, O. (2014). The archaeological survey of Israel. Qadmoniot 47: 58–66.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sion, O., Ashkenazi, E., and Erickson-Gini, T. (2022). Byzantine Oboda/Avda and the surrounding agricultural regime. In: Golani, A., Varga, D., Tchekhanovets, Y., and Birkenfeld, M. (Eds.). Archaeological excavations and research studies in Southern Israel, collected papers: volume 5, 18th annual Southern conference. Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, pp. 27–58.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sivan, H. (2008). Palestine in late antiquity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stavi, I., Ragolsky, G., Haiman, M., and Porat, N. (2021). Ancient to recent-past runoff harvesting agriculture in the hyper-arid Arava Valley: OSL dating and insights. Holocene 31: 1047–1054, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683621994641.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stoffel, M., Khodri, M., Corona, C., Guillet, S., Poulain, V., Bekki, S., Guiot, J., Luckman, B.H., Oppenheimer, C., Lebas, N., et al.. (2015). Estimates of volcanic-induced cooling in the Northern hemisphere over the past 1,500 years. Nat. Geosci. 8: 784–788, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2526.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stone, M.E. (2015). The rock inscriptions and Graffiti project of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Comp. Orient. Manuscr. Stud. Bull. 1: 52–57.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stone, M.E., Tchekhanovets, Y., and Pogorelsky, O. (2019). Armenians in the Negev: evidence from Nessana. Le Muséon 132: 123–137, https://doi.org/10.2143/MUS.132.1.3286536.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tartaron, T.F. (2003). The archaeological survey: sampling strategies and field methods. Hesperia 32: 23–45, https://doi.org/10.2307/1354045.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tchekhanovets, Y., Rasiuk, A., Levi, A., Peretz, A., and Pogorelsky, O. (2023). The renewed excavations at Nessana. In: Eisenberg-Degen, D., Rosen, S.A., Golani, A., and Sasson, A. (Eds.). Archaeological excavations and research studies in Southern Israel, Vol. 19. Ariel Publishing Israeli Institute of Archaeology, Jerusalem, pp. 103–114.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tepper, Y. and Bar-Oz, G. (2020). Shivta-preliminary report. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excav. Surv. Israel 132.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tepper, Y., Erickson-Gini, T., Farhi, Y., and Bar-Oz, G. (2018a). Probing the Byzantine/Early Islamic transition in the Negev: the renewed Shivta excavations, 2015–2016. Tel Aviv 45: 120–152, https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2018.1412058.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tepper, Y., Porat, N., and Bar-Oz, G. (2020). Sustainable farming in the Roman-Byzantine period: dating an advanced agriculture system near the site of Shivta, Negev desert, Israel. J. Arid Environ. 177: 104–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104134.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tepper, Y., Weissbrod, L., Fried, T., Marom, N., Ramsay, J., Weinstein-Evron, M., Aharonovich, S., Liphschitz, N., Farhi, Y., Yan, X., et al.. (2018b). Pigeon-raising and sustainable agriculture at the fringe of the desert: a view from the Byzantine village of Sa’adon, Negev, Israel. Levant 50: 91–113, https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2018.1528532.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thonemann, P. (2011). The Maeander Valley: a historical geography from antiquity to Byzantium. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Todd, I.A. (2013). Vasilikos Valley project 12: the field survey of the Vasilikos Valley, Vol. 3. Paul Åströms förlag, Sävedalen.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tomber, R.S. (1996). Provisioning the desert: pottery supply to Mons Claudianus. In: Bailey, D.M. (Ed.). Archaeological research in Roman Egypt: the proceedings of the seventeenth classical colloquium of the department of Greek and Roman antiquities, British Museum held on 1–4 December, 1993. Journal of Roman Archaeology, Ann Arbor, MI, p. 39.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toohey, M., Kruger, K., Sigl, M., Stordal, F., and Svensen, H. (2016). Climatic and societal impacts of a volcanic double event at the dawn of the Middle Ages. Clim. Change 136: 401–413, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1648-7.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tsafrir, Y. (1986). The transfer of the Negev, Sinai and Southern Transjordan from “Arabia” to “Palaestina”. Isr. Explor. J. 36: 77–86.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tsafrir, Y. and Foerster, G. (1992). The dating of the ‘Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year’ of 749 C.E. in Palestine. Bull. Sch. Orient Afr. Stud. 55: 151–702, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00004584.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tsafrir, Y. and Holum, K.G. (1988). Reḥovot-in-the-Negev preliminary report, 1986. Isr. Explor. J. 38: 117–127.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Urman, D. (2004). Nessana : excavations and studies. I. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press, Beer-Sheva.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Urman, D. (2007). New excavations at Nitzana. Qadmoniot: J. Antiq. Eretz-Israel Bible Lands 40: 113–124.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vaiglova, P., Hartman, G., Marom, N., Ayalon, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Zilberman, T., Yasur, G., Buckley, M., Bernstein, R., Tepper, Y., et al.. (2020). Climate stability and societal decline on the margins of the Byzantine empire in the Negev desert. Sci. Rep. 10: 1512, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58360-5.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vanhaverbeke, H., Martens, F., Waelkens, M., and Poblome, J. (2021). Late antiquity in the territory of Sagalassos. In: Bowden, W., Lavan, L., and Machado, C. (Eds.). Recent research on the late Antique countryside. Brill, Leiden, pp. 247–279.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Voltaggio, M. (2011). “Xenodochia” and “Hospitia” in sixth-century Jerusalem: indicators for the Byzantine pilgrimage to the holy places. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953) 127: 197–210.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wacławik, M. (2017). Why did they need so many churches? In: Miszk, L. and Wacławik, M. (Eds.). The land of fertility II: the South-East Mediterranean since the Bronze age to the Muslim conquest. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, pp. 105–113.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Whiting, M. (2020). Braided networks: pilgrimage and the economics of travel infrastructure in the late antique Holy Land. In: Kristensen, T.M., and Collar, A. (Eds.). Pilgrimage and economy in the ancient mediterranean. Brill, Leiden, pp. 62–90.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wilson, P. and Grigoropoulos, D. (2009). The West Nile Delta regional survey, Beheira and Kafr El-Sheikh Provinces. Egypt Exploration Society, London.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yan, X., Tepper, Y., Bar-Oz, G., and Boaretto, E. (2021). Ftir bone characterization and radiocarbon dating: timing the abandonment of Byzantine Pigeon Towers in the Negev desert, Israel. Radiocarbon 63: 1715–1735, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2021.85.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zeichmann, C.B. (2015). Herodian kings and their soldiers in the acts of the apostles: a response to Craig Keener. J. Greco-Roman Christ. Jud. 11: 178–190.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zias, J. (1991). Current archaeological research in Israel: death and disease in ancient Israel. Biblic. Archaeol. 54: 147–159, https://doi.org/10.2307/3210263.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Mapping Changes in Settlement Number and Demography in the South of Israel from the Hellenistic to the Early Islamic Period

Abstract

Paradigm

My account