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Distribution and community structure of microphytoplankton in relation to increasing anthropogenic impact along coastal waters of Jeddah, the central Red Sea Cover

Distribution and community structure of microphytoplankton in relation to increasing anthropogenic impact along coastal waters of Jeddah, the central Red Sea

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies
Volume 49 (2020): Issue 2 (June 2020)
By:
Open Access
|Jun 2020

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Map showing the sampling locations in neritic water around Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Map showing the sampling locations in neritic water around Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Figure 2

Changes in surface water salinity (PSU) at the sampling sites during the study period
Changes in surface water salinity (PSU) at the sampling sites during the study period

Figure 3

Nutrient salts (μmol l−1) and chlorophyll a (mg m−3) concentrations at the sampling sites during the study period: A) nitrate, B) nitrite, C) ammonia, D) phosphate, E) silicate and F) chlorophyll a
Nutrient salts (μmol l−1) and chlorophyll a (mg m−3) concentrations at the sampling sites during the study period: A) nitrate, B) nitrite, C) ammonia, D) phosphate, E) silicate and F) chlorophyll a

Figure 4

Densities of total phytoplankton and of specific phytoplankton groups (×103 cells m−3) in the study area: A) total phytoplankton, B) diatoms, C) dinoflagellates and D) cyanophytes
Densities of total phytoplankton and of specific phytoplankton groups (×103 cells m−3) in the study area: A) total phytoplankton, B) diatoms, C) dinoflagellates and D) cyanophytes

Figure 5

Diversity indices for the total phytoplankton recorded at different sites along Jeddah coastal waters: A) number of species, B) Margalef’s species richness, C) Pielou’s evenness index and D) Shannon–Wiener diversity index
Diversity indices for the total phytoplankton recorded at different sites along Jeddah coastal waters: A) number of species, B) Margalef’s species richness, C) Pielou’s evenness index and D) Shannon–Wiener diversity index

Figure 6

a) Dendrogram showing the similarity between the sites (St) based on the Bray–Curtis similarity index; b) Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination based on Bray–Curtis similarity indices of the total phytoplankton in the study area
a) Dendrogram showing the similarity between the sites (St) based on the Bray–Curtis similarity index; b) Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination based on Bray–Curtis similarity indices of the total phytoplankton in the study area

List of recorded phytoplankton species in the coastal water of Jeddah during the study period

Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
Centrales
Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1843Guinardia cylindrus (Cleve) Hasle, 1996
Azpeitia africana (Janisch ex A.Schmidt) G.Fryxell & T.P.Watkins, 1986Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) H.Peragallo, 1892
Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder, 1864Guinardia striata (Stolterfoth) Hasle, 1996
Cerataulina dentata Hasle, 1980Hemialus hauckii Grunow ex Van Heurck, 1882
Ceratulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey, 1937Hemialus indicus Karsten, 1907
Chaetoceros affinis Lauder, 1864Hemialus membranaceus Cleve
Chaetoceros coarctatus Lauder, 1864Hemiaulus sinensis Greville, 1865
Chaetoceros compressus Cleve, 1894Hemidiscus sp.
Chaetoceros convolutus Castracane, 1886Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve, 1889
Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve, 1889Leptocylindrus meditarraneus (H.Peragallo) Hasle, 1975
Chaetoceros decipiens Cleve, 1873Leptocylindrus minimus Gran, 1915
Chaetoceros diadema (Ehrenberg) Gran, 1897Melosira sp.
Chaetoceros didymus Ehrenberg, 1845Planktoniella sol (C.G.Wallich) Schütt , 1892
Chaetoceros eibeinii Grunow, 1882Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundström, 1986
Chaetoceros laciniosus F.Schütt , 1895Pseudosolenia calcaravis (Schultze) B.G.Sundström, 1986
Chaetoceros lorenzianus Grunow, 1863Rhizosolenia acicularis B.G.Sundström, 1986
Chaetoceros mitra (Bailey) Cleve, 1896Rhizosolenia acuminata (H.Peragallo) H.Peragallo, 1907
Chaetoceros neglectus Karsten, 1905Rhizosolenia clevei Ostenfeld, 1902
Chaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell, 1856Rhizosolenia curvata Zacharias, 1905
Chaetoceros rostratus Ralfs, 1864Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey, 1856
Chaetoceros sp.Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell, 1858
Chaetoceros tenuissimus Meunier, 1913Rhizosolenia polydactyla Castracane, 1886
Chaetoceros teres Cleve, 1896Rhizosolenia robusta G.Norman ex Ralfs, 1861
Chaetoceros tertrastichon Cleve, 1897Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell, 1858
Chaetoceros willei Gran, 1897Rhizosolenia simplex Karsten, 1905
Climacodium frauenfeldianum Grunow, 1868Rhizosolenia sp.
Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg, 1844Rhizosolenia stolterfothii H.Peragallo, 1888
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg, 1840Rhizosolenia striata Greville, 1864
Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (Bergon) Hasle, 1996Rhizosolenia styliformis T.Brightwell, 1858
Ditylum brightwellii (T.West) Grunow, 1885Rhizosolenia temperei H.Peragallo, 1888
Ethmodiscus gazellae (C.Janisch ex Grunow) Hustedt, 1928Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, 1873
Ethmodiscus rex (Wallich in Rattray) Hendey in Wiseman & Hendey, 1953Thalassiosira subtilis (Ostenfeld) Gran, 1900
Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg, 1839Triceratium dubium Brightwell, 1859
Pennales
Diploneis smithii (Brébisson) Cleve, 1894Toxarium undulatum Bailey, 1854
Haslea trompii (Cleve) Simonsen, 1974Meuniera membranacea (Cleve) P.C.Silva, 1996
Licmophora flabellata (Grev.)C.Agardh, 1831Navicula directa (W.Smith) Ralfs, 1861
Nitzschia longissima (Brébisson) Ralfs, 1861Thalassionema bacillare (Heiden) Kolbe, 1955
Pleurosigma angulatum (Queckett) W.Smith, 1852Amphora lineolata Ehrenberg, 1838
Pleurosigma normanii Ralfs, 1861Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann & J.C.Lewin, 1964
Pseudonitzschia australis Frenguelli, 1939Diploneis smithii (Brébisson) Cleve, 1894
Pseudonitzschia inflatula (Hasle) Hasle, 1993Entomoneis alata (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1845
Pseudonitzschia lineola (Cleve) Hasle, 1965Haslea wawrikae (Hustedt) Simonsen, 1974
Pseudonitzschia pungens (Grunow in Cleve & Möller) Hasle, 1993Pseudonitzschia turgidula (Hustedt) Hasle, 1993
Pseudonitzschia seriata (Cleve) H.Peragallo, 1899Licmophora juergensii* C.Agardh, 1831
Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) Tempère & Peragallo, 1910Lioloma elongatum (Grunow) Hasle, 1997
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky, 1902Pseudonitzschia cuspidata (Hasle) Hasle, 1993
Thallassiothrix longissima Cleve & Grunow, 1880Pseudonitzschia delicati ssima (Cleve) Heiden, 1928
Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellates)
Alexandrium inseutum Balech, 1985Protoperidinium pallidum (Ostenfeld, 1899) Balech, 1973
Alexandrium minutum Halim, 1960Protoperidinium pellucidum Bergh, 1881
Alexandrium tamerense (Lebour, 1925) Balech, 1995Protoperidinium pentagonam. (Gran, 1902) Balech, 1974
Alexandrium tamiyavanichi Balech, 1994Protoperidinium pyrum (Balech) Balech 1974
Amphidinium sphenoids WüIff , 1916protoperidinium steinii (Jørgensen, 1899) Balech, 1974
Amphisolenia bidentata Schröder, 1900Pyrocystis lunula (Schütt) Schütt , 1896
Ceratocorys armata (Schütt) Kofoid, 1910Pyrocystis pseudonoctiluca Wyville-Thompson, 1876
Ceratocorys magna Kofoid, 1910Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich III, 1976
Dinophysis caudata Saville-Kent, 1881Spiraulax jolliffei (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid, 1911
Dinophysis doryphora (F.Stein) T.H.Abé, 1967Spiraulax kofoidii H.W.Graham, 1942
Dinophysis hastata Stein, 1883Tripos arietinum (Cleve) F.Gómez, 2013
Dinophysis hastata Stein, 1883Tripos biceps (Claparède & Lachmann) F.Gómez, 2013
Dinophysis miles Cleve, 1900Tripos breve brevis (Ostenfeld & Johannes Schmidt) F.Gómez 2013
Gonyaulux grindley Reinecke, 1967Tripos candelabrum (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013
Gonyaulux polygramma Stein, 1883Tripos contortum (Gourret) F.Gómez, 2013
Gonyaulux spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866Tripos contrarium (Gourret) F.Gómez, 2013
Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921Tripos declinatum (G.Karsten) F.Gómez, 2013
Ornithocercus steinii Schütt , 1900Tripos dens (Ostenfeld & Johannes Schmidt) F.Gómez, 2013
Phalacroma cuneus F.Schütt , 1895Tripos furca (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013
Phalacroma cuneus F.Schütt , 1895Tripos fusus (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez 2013
Phalacroma mitra F.Schütt , 1895Tripos gibberum (Gourret) F.Gómez 2013
Phalacroma rotundatum (Claparéde & Lachmann) Kofoid & Michener, 1911Tripos horridum (Cleve) F.Gómez 2013
Podolampas bipes Stein, 1883Tripos incisum (Karsten) F.Gómez, 2013
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg, 1834Tripos inflatum (Kofoid) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen, 1907) Balech, 1974Tripos longipes (J.W.Bailey) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium conicum (Gran, 1900) Balech, 1974Tripos longissimum (Schröder) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium crassipes (Kofoid, 1907) Balech, 1974Tripos lunula (Schimper ex Karsten) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium curtipes (Jørgensen, 1912) Balech, 1974Tripos macroceros (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium depressum (Bailey, 1854) Balech, 1974Tripos massiliense (Gourret) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium diabolus Cleve, 1900) Balech, 1974Tripos pentagonum (Gourret) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenberg, 1840) Balech, 1974Tripos scbrankii (Kofoid) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium elegans (Cleve, 1900) Balech, 1974Tripos symmetricum (Pavillard) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium fatulipes (Kofoid, 1907) Balech, 1974Tripos teres (Kofoid) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium grande (Kofoid, 1907) Balech, 1974Tripos trichoceros (Ehrenberg) Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium leonis (Pavillard, 1916) Balech, 1974Tripos vultur (Cleve) F.Gómez, 2013
Protoperidinium oblongum (Aurivillius) Parke & Dodge, 1976Tripos belone (Cleve) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium oceanicum (VanHöffen, 1897) Balech, 1974Tripos platycornis (Daday) F.Gómez 2013
Protoperidinium ovum (Schiller, 1911) Balech, 1974
Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae)
Richelia intracellularis J.Schmidt, 1901Trichodesmium thiebautii Ehrenberg ex Gomont, 1892
Trichodesmium erythraeum Ehrenberg ex Gomont, 1892
Dictyochophyceae (silicoflagellates)
Dictyocha sp.

Values of Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) determined for different environmental parameters and phytoplankton as well as the dominant species

TSNO2NO3−NH4+PO43−SiO44−Chl aTotal PhytoCACDCRSCATTE
T1
S.043
NO2.090−.820**1
NO3−.050−.816**.885**1
NH4+.109−.834**.998**.875**1
PO43−.056−.845**.864**.991**.855**1
SiO44−.029−.939**.902**.918**.909**.928**1
Chl a.124−.791**.928**.970**.920**.958**.912**1
Total Phyto.079−.822**.831**.961**.818**.984**.888**.928**1
CA.307−.364.571**.349.582**.333.440*.554**.3251
CD.136−.496*.820**.495*.822**.445*.534*.582**.418.545*1
CR.273−.418.010.017.060.049.223−.017.009.058−.0611
SC−.059−.551**.413.749**.390.801**.611**.651**.837**−.039−.124−.0721
AT.248−.296.543*.308.550**.289.390.521*.276.988**.538*−.051−.0701
TE.183.259−.256−.254−.260−.246−.275−.236−.192−.109−.174−.102−.139−.1001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2020-0018 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X
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Language: English
Page range: 193 - 205
Submitted on: Oct 1, 2019
Accepted on: Nov 5, 2019
Published on: Jun 18, 2020
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year
Keywords:
nutrients,
phytoplankton,
coastal water,
Jeddah,
Red Sea
Related subjects:
Chemistry,
Chemistry, other,
Geosciences,
Geosciences, other,
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2020 Aisha A. Al-Amri, Huda A. Qari, Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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