Comparison of concentrations in fish tissues reported in the literature
| Location | Fish | Metal concentrati on (μg g−1 d.w.) | Reference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Zn | Cu | Mn | Cd | Pb | |||
| Arabian Gulf | L. subviridis | 10.7 | 7.0 | 3.7 | 3.55 | 0.09 | 1.36 | Al-Khafajy et al. 1997 |
| Manila Bay | L. subviridis | - | - | - | - | 0.0170 | 0.0382 | Sai Su et al. 2009 |
| Oeshm Island | L. vaigiensis | - | - | - | - | 0.16 | 0.11 | Norouzi et al. 2012 |
| Iraqi Marine | L. subviridis | 57 | 9.5 | 6.72 | 5.9 | - | Al-Najare 2012 | |
| Coastal regions of Karachi | L. vaigiensis | - | 0.160 | 0.180 | - | 0.160 | 0.007 | Ali et al. 2013 |
| Indian Sunderbans S1 | Liza parsia | - | 124.12 | 75.91 | - | 4.01 | 19.89 | Mitra & Ghosh 2014 |
| Indian Sunderbans S2 | - | 94.63 | 54.39 | - | BDL | 15.16 | ||
| Indian Sunderbans S3 | - | 61.21 | 28.12 | - | BDL | 14.85 | ||
| Indian Sunderbans S4 | - | 27.67 | 21.01 | - | BDL | 13.92 | ||
| Indian Sunderbans S1 | Liza tade | - | 103.45 | 43.89 | - | 1.95 | 15.77 | Mitra & Ghosh 2014 |
| Indian Sunderbans S2 | - | 91.25 | 50.38 | - | BDL | 13.51 | ||
| Indian Sunderbans S3 | - | 53.98 | 27.91 | - | BDL | 15.79 | ||
| Indian Sunderbans S4 | - | 25.45 | 18.65 | - | BDL | 11.65 | ||
| Gangetic Delta Reg. S1 | Liza parsia | - | 102.78 | 70.11 | - | - | 13 | Chakraborty et al. 2016 |
| Gangetic Delta Reg. S2 | - | 80.16 | 49.99 | - | - | 11.64 | ||
| Gangetic Delta Reg. S3 | - | 56.12 | 28.46 | - | - | 9.21 | ||
| Gangetic Delta Reg. S4 | - | 34.66 | 19.50 | - | - | 8.43 | ||
| Gangetic Delta Reg. S1 | Liza tade | - | 96.41 | 52,60 | - | - | 11.23 | Chakraborty et al. 2016 |
| Gangetic Delta Reg. S2 | - | 72.33 | 42 | - | - | 10.44 | ||
| Gangetic Delta Reg. S3 | - | 49.87 | 25.26 | - | - | 7.4 | ||
| Gangetic Delta Reg. S4 | - | 24.89 | 15.9 | - | - | 6 | ||
| Balochistan | L. subviridis | 26.70 | 13.82 | 1.66 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 017 | This study |
| E. vaigiensis | 29.26 | 18.85 | 2.18 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.30 | ||
| International limits | 100 | 50 | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | WHO (1989) | |
| - | 40 | 10–100 | - | 0.50 | 0.50 | FAO (1983) | ||
Seasonal metrics of P_ subviridisand E_ vaigiensis
| Seasons | P. subviridis | E. vaigiensis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Length (cm) | Weight (g) | N | Length (cm) | Weight (g) | ||
| northeast monsoon | mean | 10 | 13 | 30 | 10 | 17 | 46 |
| SD | 23 | 82 | 20 | 66 | |||
| min. | 16.60 | 46.40 | 18.60 | 56.60 | |||
| max | 3.64 | 19.85 | 1.36 | 8.72 | |||
| post-monsoon | mean | 12 | 14 | 34 | 12 | 13.50 | 31 |
| SD | 19 | 58 | 18 | 42 | |||
| min. | 16.79 | 42.25 | 14.92 | 35.58 | |||
| max | 2.03 | 7.47 | 1.79 | 3.90 | |||
| pre-monsoon | mean | 10 | 11 | 24 | 10 | 16 | 39 |
| SD | 23 | 82 | 24 | 86 | |||
| min. | 15.80 | 41.45 | 18.15 | 52.60 | |||
| max | 3.28 | 16.33 | 2.03 | 12.61 | |||
| southwest monsoon | mean | 12 | 16 | 33 | 12 | 14 | 34 |
| SD | 21 | 74 | 26.50 | 106 | |||
| min. | 17.71 | 46.67 | 18.58 | 57.42 | |||
| max | 1.97 | 14.78 | 5.63 | 31.58 | |||
| average | mean | 44 | 11 | 24 | 44 | 13.50 | 31 |
| SD | 23 | 82 | 26.50 | 106 | |||
| min. | 16.59 | 43.09 | 17.39 | 49.27 | |||
| max | 2.73 | 13.89 | 3.62 | 20.13 | |||
Estimated daily and weekly intakes for the economically significant fish species consumed by adults in Pakistan
| Metal | PTWI Provisional Permissible Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) in g/week/kg body weight | PTWI PTWI – permissible tolerable weekly intake (g/day/60 kg body weight) | PTDI PTDI – permissible tolerable daily intake (g/day/60 kg body weight) | P. subviridis EWI EWI – estimated weekly intake in g/week/60 kg body weight EDI – estimated daily intake in g/day/60 kg body weight | E. vaigiensis EWI EWI – estimated weekly intake in g/week/60 kg body weight EDI – estimated daily intake in g/day/60 kg body weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | 5600 | 336000 | 48000.00 | 881.10 (125.87) | 965.58 (137.94) |
| Zn | 7000 | 420000 | 60000.00 | 456.06 (65.15) | 622.05 (88.86) |
| Cu | 3500 | 210000 | 30000.00 | 54.78 (7.82) | 71.94 (10.28) |
| Mn | 980 | 58800 | 8400.00 | 7.92 (1.13) | 10.56 (1.51) |
| Cd | 7 | 420 | 60.00 | 1.98 (0.28) | 8.25 (1.18) |
| Pb | 25 | 1500 | 214.29 | 5.61 (0.80) | 9.90 (1.41) |
Pearson correlation coefficients between metal concentrations in the muscle tissue of P_ subviridisand E_ vaigiensis
| Metal | Fe | Zn | Cu | Mn | Cd | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P. subviridis | ||||||
| Fe | 1.000 | |||||
| Zn | −0.058 | 1.000 | ||||
| Cu | −0.027 | −0.122 | 1.000 | |||
| Mn | 0.105 | 0.003 | 0.094 | 1.000 | ||
| Cd | 0.380 indicates a significance level of p < 0.05. | −0.004 indicates a significance level of p < 0.05. | −0.021 | −0.184 | 1.000 | |
| Pb | 0.385 indicates a significance level of p < 0.01. | −0.315 indicates a significance level of p < 0.05. | 0.106 | 0.191 | 0.499 indicates a significance level of p < 0.01. | 1.000 |
Seasonal concentrations in P_ subviridisand E_ vaigiensis(μg g−1 d_w_)
| P. subviridis | E. vaigiensis | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Zn | Cu | Mn | Cd | Pb | Fe | Zn | Cu | Mn | Cd | Pb | ||
| northeast monsoon | mean | 19.44 | 12.04 | 1.91 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 31.31 | 15.28 | 2.20 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.30 |
| SD | 7.92 | 3.54 | 0.91 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 10.24 | 2.88 | 0.92 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.13 | |
| min. | 12.36 | 7.08 | 1.23 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 15.56 | 11.98 | 1.33 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.16 | |
| max | 42.41 | 17.65 | 4.56 | 0.41 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 46.35 | 20.49 | 3.91 | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.61 | |
| post-monsoon | mean | 26.07 | 13.68 | 1.91 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 31.27 | 16.89 | 2.41 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.29 |
| SD | 8.47 | 4.29 | 0.79 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 8.63 | 5.37 | 0.71 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.12 | |
| min. | 17.46 | 7.08 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 21.56 | 10.39 | 1.46 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.16 | |
| max | 38.75 | 19.32 | 3.14 | 0.45 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 48.41 | 26.16 | 3.68 | 0.93 | 0.51 | 0.56 | |
| pre-monsoon | mean | 39.59 | 12.75 | 1.81 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 30.39 | 24.28 | 2.37 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.31 |
| SD | 9.72 | 5.63 | 0.96 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 13.29 | 6.038 | 1.42 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.13 | |
| min. | 26.03 | 3.62 | 1.06 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 10.72 | 13.59 | 0.88 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.14 | |
| max | 51.68 | 21.16 | 3.98 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 58.66 | 32.66 | 5.85 | 0.51 | 0.42 | 0.51 | |
| southwest monsoon | mean | 23.75 | 16.61 | 1.09 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 24.58 | 19.55 | 1.82 | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.30 |
| SD | 9.93 | 3.87 | 0.44 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 7.85 | 6.90 | 0.89 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | |
| min. | 14.67 | 10.84 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 10.58 | 8.12 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.12 | |
| max | 45.79 | 24.16 | 1.63 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 38.08 | 28.76 | 3.10 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.48 | |
| average | mean | 26.70 | 13.82 | 1.66 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 29.26 | 18.85 | 2.18 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.30 |
| SD | 11.49 | 4.56 | 0.84 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 10.18 | 6.278 | 1.01 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.12 | |
| min. | 12.36 | 3.62 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 10.58 | 8.12 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.12 | |
| max | 51.68 | 24.16 | 4.56 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 58.66 | 32.66 | 5.85 | 0.93 | 0.51 | 0.61 | |