Figure 1
Sampling locations for the determination of contamination in the Vistula Lagoon (numbers – macrophytes, BMPL10 – sediments)
Table 1
Results of the analysis of the certified reference materials
| Cd | Pb | Zn | Cu | Ni | Cr | Mn | Hg | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mg kg−1 d.w. | |||||||||
| BCR-414 (biological material) | Certified | 0.383 ± 0.014 | 3.97 ± 0.19 | 111.6 ± 2.5 | 29.5 ± 1.3 | 18.8 ± 0.8 | 23.8 ± 1.2 | 299 ± 13 | - |
| Measured | 0.37 | 3.84 | 109.59 | 28.9 | 19.2 | 22.6 | 287 | - | |
| RSD | 0.098 | 0.029 | 0.035 | 0.009 | 0.113 | 0.087 | 0.017 | 0.098 | |
| LOD | 0.0015 | 0.03 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.0015 | |
| LOQ | 0.005 | 0.10 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.045 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.005 | |
| MESS-4 (sediment) | Certified | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 21.5 ± 1.2 | 147 ± 6 | 32.9 ± 1.8 | - | - | - | 0.08 ± 0.06 |
| Measured | 0.26 | 20.1 | 143 | 31.8 | - | - | 0.08 | ||
| RSD | 0.056 | 0.022 | 0.012 | 0.037 | 0.006 | ||||
| LOD | 0.0015 | 0.07 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.001 | ||||
| LOQ | 0.005 | 0.20 | 0.020 | 0.035 | 0.003 | ||||
Figure 2
Average concentrations of heavy metals in two groups of the most abundant macrophytes in the Vistula Lagoon. Numbers refer to the numbers of the sampling locations
Table 2
Concentrations of heavy metals and 137Cs in macroalgae and vascular plants at the sampling locations in the Vistula Lagoon in 2011
| Species | Sampling location (number of samples) | Cd | Pb | Zn | Cu | Ni | Cr | Mn | 137Cs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mg kg−1 d.w. | Bq kg−1 d.w. | |||||||||
| Cladophora spp. (C. glomerata, C. fracta) | 9 (1) | value | 0.93 | 5.5 | 645.4 | 8.0 | 9.6 | 0.08 | 2706 | < 6.0 |
| 10 (5) | mean* | 0.84 | 4.2 | 430.1 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 0.18 | 3605 | 3.0 ± 1.4 | |
| min. | 0.41 | 2.9 | 327.3 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 0.11 | 2208 | |||
| max | 1.24 | 5.2 | 651.8 | 8.2 | 5.5 | 0.28 | 5485 | |||
| 12 (5) | mean* | 0.67 | 3.2 | 307.7 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 0.60 | 1553 | 6.4 ± 3.5 | |
| min. | 0.30 | 1.4 | 107.3 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.12 | 996.8 | |||
| max | 1.23 | 5.7 | 653.0 | 12.0 | 8.9 | 1.08 | 2182 | |||
| 13 (4) | mean* | 0.42 | 4.6 | 242.3 | 6.4 | 3.2 | 0.86 | 10315 | 5.3 ± 2.1 | |
| min. | 0.35 | 2.4 | 186.2 | 5.9 | 1.0 | 0.72 | 5063 | |||
| max | 0.53 | 6.6 | 293.2 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 0.99 | 12840 | |||
| Enteromorpha clathrata | 12 (1) | value | 0.65 | 1.8 | 390.5 | 3.2 | 0.41 | 0.51 | 383.4 | < 3.0 |
| Potamogeton sp. (P. pussilus, P. pectinatus, P. compressus, P. perfoliatus) | 6 (1) | value | 0.38 | 1.2 | 175.4 | 4.9 | 1.4 | 0.93 | 673.4 | < 5.2 |
| 10 (2) | mean* | 0.20 | 1.0 | 187.8 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 0.70 | 784.6 | < 2.1 | |
| min. | 0.12 | 0.69 | 108.2 | 2.9 | 0.15 | 0.65 | 782.8 | |||
| max | 0.28 | 1.3 | 267.5 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 0.75 | 786.5 | |||
| 12 (2) | mean* | 0.20 | 0.56 | 136.2 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 0.89 | 1255 | < 5.5 | |
| min. | 0.16 | 0.09 | 67.8 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 0.56 | 634.7 | |||
| max | 0.24 | 1.02 | 204.6 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 1.22 | 1874 | |||
| 13 (1) | value | 0.39 | 1.7 | 177.4 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 0.85 | 3950 | < 5.2 | |
| 17 (1) | value | 0.25 | 3.5 | 130.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 1.13 | 10035 | 7.3 ± 1.6 | |
| Chara sp. (Ch. aspera, Ch. contraria, Ch. globularis) | 10 (6) | mean* | 0.25 | 0.58 | 195.6 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 0.75 | 1697 | 0.9 ± 0.5 |
| min. | 0.22 | 0.20 | 157.3 | 1.2 | 0.81 | 0.36 | 965.6 | |||
| max | 0.28 | 1.3 | 242.1 | 8.7 | 14.4 | 2.34 | 2709 | |||
| 12 (1) | value | 0.13 | 0.28 | 58.5 | 1.3 | 0.76 | 0.30 | 694.9 | < 0.7 | |
| Sparganium emersum | 6 (1) | value | 0.39 | 1.1 | 61.5 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 1.45 | 919.5 | < 2.0 |
| 12 (1) | value | 0.10 | 0.72 | 52.2 | 1.2 | 0.69 | 0.39 | 463.7 | < 2.0 | |
| Ceratophyllum demersum | 17 (2) | mean* | 0.39 | 5.0 | 179.2 | 8.3 | 4.1 | 2.79 | 8543 | 7.9 ± 3.5 |
| min. | 0.26 | 4.7 | 116.1 | 7.2 | 2.6 | 2.39 | 8259 | |||
| max | 0.52 | 5.4 | 242.2 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 3.19 | 8828 | |||
| Zanichellia palustris | 12 (1) | value | 0.63 | 1.8 | 391.8 | 6.3 | 1.1 | 2.22 | 772.3 | < 7 |
| Scirpus lacustris | 10 (1) | value | 0.05 | 1.9 | 28.6 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 1.79 | 738.4 | 4.9 ± 0.6 |
Figure 3
Average concentrations of heavy metals in macrophytes collected in the Vistula Lagoon
Table 3
Concentration ratios for heavy metals in macrophytes studied in the Vistula lagoon in 2011
| Concentration Ratio (CR) l kg−1 d.w. | Cd | Pb | Zn | Cu | Ni | Cr | Hg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cladophora spp. | 2.7 × 104 | 8.2 × 103 | 6.0 × 104 | 1.9 × 103 | 1.4 × 103 | 1.0 × 103 | - |
| Enteromorpha clathrata | 2.6 × 104 | 3.6 × 103 | 6.6 × 104 | 9.9 × 102 | 1.4 × 102 | 1.0 × 103 | - |
| Potamogeton spp. | 1.0 × 104 | 2.7 × 103 | 2.7 × 104 | 1.4 × 103 | 6.9 × 102 | 1.7 × 103 | - |
| Chara spp. | 9.2 × 103 | 1.1 × 103 | 3.0 × 104 | 7.9 × 102 | 9.8 × 102 | 1.4 × 103 | - |
| Sparganium emersum | 9.7 × 103 | 1.8 × 103 | 9.6 × 103 | 9.2 × 102 | 4.0 × 102 | 1.8 × 103 | - |
| Ceratophyllum demersum | 1.6 × 104 | 1.0 × 104 | 3.0 × 104 | 2.6 × 103 | 1.4 × 103 | 5.6 × 103 | - |
| Zanichellia palustris | 2.5 × 104 | 3.5 × 103 | 6.6 × 104 | 2.0 × 103 | 3.6 × 102 | 4.4 × 103 | - |
| Scirpus lacustris | 2.0 × 103 | 3.8 × 103 | 4.8 × 103 | 1.6 × 103 | 2.3 × 103 | 3.6 × 103 | - |
| Concentration in water* (mg l−1) | 2.5 × 10-5 | 5.0 × 10-4 | 5.9 × 10-3 | 3.2 × 10-3 | 3.0 × 10-3 | 5.0 × 10-4 | 3.1 × 10-6 |
| Distribution Coefficient Kd (l kg-1 d.w.) | 2.12 × 104 | 2.46 × 104 | 1.60 × 104 | 5.25 × 103 | - | - | 3.87 × 104 |
Figure 4
210Pbex concentrations along the depth profile in bottom sediments and deposition history of 137Cs in the sediments of the Vistula Lagoon
Figure 5
Deposition history of selected heavy metals in the sediments of the Vistula Lagoon