Table 1
Checklist of mites from the family Halarachnidae associated with marine mammals. (Based on Banks 1899, 1910; Ferris 1925; Oudemans 1925; Doetschman 1944; Popp 1961; Domrow 1962, 1974; Wilson 1970; Dailey & Brownell 1972; Margolis & Dailey 1972; Dunlap et al. 1976; Furman 1977; Furman & Dailey 1980; Kim et al. 1980; Fay & Furman 1982; Webb et al. 1985; Gomez-Puerta & Gonzales-Viera 2015; Alonso-Farré et al. 2012; Felix 2013 and Gastal et al. 2016; data verified with the current systematic status of the species)
| Halarachnidae | Host | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific name | Common name | Class, Order | Family | |
| Halarachne americana Banks, 1899 | Monachus tropicalis (Gray, 1850) | Caribbean monk seal | Carnivora | |
| Phocidae | ||||
| Cystophora cristata (Erxleben, 1777) | hooded seal | |||
| Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758) | sea otter | Mustelidae | ||
| Halarachne halichoeri (Allman, 1847) | Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791) | gray seal | ||
| Synonyms | Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758) | southern elephant seal | Phocidae | |
| Halarachne erratica Fain et Mortelmans, 1959 | Phoca largha Pallas, 1811 | spotted seal | ||
| Halarachne otariae Steding, 1923 | ||||
| Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 | harbor seal | |||
| Halarachne taita Eichler, 1958 | ||||
| Pygoscelis papua (J. R. Forster, 1781)a) | gentoo penguin | Sphenisciformes Aves | Spheniscidae | |
| Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828)b) | California sea lion | Otariidae | ||
| Halarachne laysanae Furman et Dailey, 1980 | Monachus schauinslandi Matschie, 1905 | Hawaiian monk seal | Phocidae | |
| Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758) | sea otter | Mustelidae | ||
| Mirounga angustirostris (Gill, 1866) | northern elephant seal | |||
| Halarachne miroungae Ferris, 1925 | ||||
| Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758) | southern elephant seal | Phocidae | ||
| Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 | harbor seal | |||
| Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783) | South American fur seal | |||
| Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber, 1775) | Carnivora | |||
| (= Arctocephalus tasmanicus Scott et Lord, 1926) | cape fur seal | |||
| (= Arctocephalus doriferus Wood Jones, 1925) | ||||
| Arctocephalus tropicalis (J. Gray, 1872)c) or Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson, 1828)c) | ||||
| Otariidae | ||||
| Subantarctic fur seal or | ||||
| (= Otaria (Arctophora) elegans Peters, 1876) | Australasian fur seal | |||
| Orthohalarachne attenuata (Banks, 1910) | (=? Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson, 1828)) | |||
| Synonyms | Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758) | northern fur seal | ||
| Halarachne attenuata Banks, 1910 | ||||
| Halarachne otariae Steding, 1923 | Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776) | Steller sea lion | ||
| Halarachne reflexa Tubb, 1937 | Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758a) | man | Primates | Hominidae |
| Halarachne zalophi Oudemans, 1916 | ||||
| Halarachne rosmari Oudemans, 1916 | Mirounga angustirostris (Gill, 1866) | northern elephant seal | ||
| Halarachne magellanica Finnegan, 1934 | Mirounga leonina Linnaeus, 1758c) | Phocidae | ||
| Orthohalarachne magellanica (Finnegan, 1934) | southern elephant seal | |||
| Orthohalarachne reflexa (Tubb, 1937) | (= Macrorhinus leoninus (Linnaeus, 1758)) | |||
| Orthohalarachne rosmari (Oudemans, 1916) | Neophoca cinerea (Péron, 1816) | Australian sea lion | Otariidae | |
| Orthohalarachne zalophi (Oudemans, 1916) | Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758) | walrus | Odobenidae | |
| Otaria fl avescens (Shaw, 1800) | ||||
| South American sea lion | Otariidae | |||
| (= Otaria byronia (de Blainville, 1820)) | ||||
| Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 | harbor seal | Phocidae | ||
| Carnivora | ||||
| Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828) | California sea lion | |||
| Zalophus wollebaeki Sivertsen, 1953 | Galapagos sea lion | |||
| Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783) | South American fur seal | |||
| Orthohalarachne diminuata (Doetschman | ||||
| 1944) | Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber, 1775) | cape fur seal | Otariidae | |
| (= Arctocephalus doriferus Wood Jones, 1925) | ||||
| Synonyms | ||||
| Halarachne diminuata Doetschman, 1944 | Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758) | northern fur seal | ||
| Orthohalarachne chabaudi Gretillat,1960 | Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776) | Steller sea lion | ||
| Orthohalarachne letalis Popp, 1961 | Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828) | California sea lion | ||
b) Newell (1947) believes it was Halarachne miroungae
c) Banks (1910) does not specify the species, he only provides information such as “seal pup”. On the other hand, Oudemans (1925) reports that they might represent (Arctophora) elegans Peters (=? Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson) or Macrorhinus leoninus (L.). However, it follows from Oudemans’ notes that there might be three species (Arctocephalus tropicalis, A. forsteri and M. leonina). The original record was used and this certainly applied to “Arctophoca” and not “Arctophora”
c) Banks (1910) does not specify the species, he only provides information such as “seal pup”. On the other hand, Oudemans (1925) reports that they might represent (Arctophora) elegans Peters (=? Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson) or Macrorhinus leoninus (L.). However, it follows from Oudemans’ notes that there might be three species (Arctocephalus tropicalis, A. forsteri and M. leonina). The original record was used and this certainly applied to “Arctophoca” and not “Arctophora”
c) Banks (1910) does not specify the species, he only provides information such as “seal pup”. On the other hand, Oudemans (1925) reports that they might represent (Arctophora) elegans Peters (=? Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson) or Macrorhinus leoninus (L.). However, it follows from Oudemans’ notes that there might be three species (Arctocephalus tropicalis, A. forsteri and M. leonina). The original record was used and this certainly applied to “Arctophoca” and not “Arctophora”
Figure 1
Halarachne halichoeri. A: female (dorsal view), B: female (ventral view), C: larva
Table 2
Body size (means, ranges, SD; micrometers) of Halarachne halichoeri
| Morphological features | Present study | Oudemans (1925)a) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Larvae (n = 45) | Females (n = 18) | Larvae (n = 2) | Females (n = 5) | |
| Width of opisthosoma | 580 (488–756), SD 68 | 977(708–1122), SD 106 | 725 | 927 |
| Width of podosoma at the level of legs III | 560(439–732), SD 79 | – | – | |
| Width of podosoma at the level of legs IV | – | 786(659–952), SD 63 | – | 891 |
| Length of dorsal shield | – | 1023 (976–1049), SD 24 | – | – |
| Width of dorsal shield | – | 497(464–537), SD 21 | – | – |
| Total body length | 1299 (1098–1586), SD 128 | 2996 (2391–3367), SD 223 | 1320 | 2818 |