Meiobenthic assemblage of the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea with emphasis on free-living nematodes

Al-Sofyani, Abdulmohsin; El-Sherbiny, Mohsen

doi:10.1515/ohs-2018-0034

Figures & Tables

Map showing the study sites along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea

Box and whisker plot of different meiofaunal groups (ind. 10 cm−2) along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea. The bottom and the top of the boxes are the first and third quartiles, the band inside the boxes indicates the median, while the black square inside the box indicates the mean and the end of the whiskers expresses the range of abundance.

Spatial variations in abundance (ind. 10 cm−2) of: a) total meiofauna, b) nematodes, c) harpacticoid copepods, d) polychaetes, e) oligochaetes, and f) turbellarians observed at different sites along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea

Relative abundance of each trophic status of nematodes at different study sites along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea. 1A – selective deposit feeders; 1B – non-selective deposit feeders; 2A – epigrowth feeders; 2B – predators/ omnivores

Principal component analysis (PCA) of normalized environmental variables and meiofaunal groups showing the main environmental gradient and relations along the surveyed sites

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination based on the Bray-Curtis similarity indices of: A) different meiofaunal groups and B) nematodes

Differences in abiotic parameters of seawater (temperature – T and salinity – S) as well as sediment [pH, electrical conductivity – EC (mS cm−1); total organic carbon – TOC; and MD – mean grain size] observed at different sites along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea

Site	Seawater		Sediment
	T (°C)	S (PSU)	pH	EC (mS cm⁻¹)	TOC (%)	MD (μm)	Sediment type	Sorting Index
	I	28.9	38.56	8	6.9	3.5	353	medium sand	poorly sorted
II	28.5	43.1	8	5.3	3	296	medium sand	poorly sorted
III	31.1	40.3	7.05	22	3	356	medium sand	poorly sorted
IV	27.9	38.2	7.77	6.79	1	96	very fine sand	moderately sorted
V	28.9	40.1	7.6	10.26	3.7	208	fine sand	poorly sorted
VI	29.4	42.9	7.91	8.09	2.9	451	medium sand	poorly sorted
VII	28.7	41.5	6.75	9.95	3.3	243	fine sand	poorly sorted
VIII	28.5	39.3	7.45	10.1	2.5	229	fine sand	poorly sorted
IX	32.1	43.6	7.3	9.9	3	150	fine sand	poorly sorted
X	32.4	40.1	7.78	7.31	3.5	441	medium sand	poorly sorted
XI	29.3	43.1	7.82	10.1	1.8	156	fine sand	poorly sorted
XII	28.1	41.3	7.65	10.19	2.8	366	medium sand	poorly sorted
XIII	29.8	41.1	7.91	8.9	2	350	medium sand	poorly sorted
XIV	31.5	41.1	8.01	2.31	1.1	747	coarse sand	moderately sorted
XV	31.2	42.1	7.61	11.65	1.9	183	fine sand	poorly sorted
XVI	31.1	41.1	7.95	10.19	1.9	232	fine sand	moderately sorted
XVII	33.2	41.3	7.87	6.79	1.3	224	fine sand	moderately sorted
XVIII	36.2	42.1	7.91	6.49	1.7	197	fine sand	poorly sorted
XIX	35.1	43.5	7.85	6.8	1.6	249	fine sand	poorly sorted
XX	29.2	40.8	8.08	7.76	2.5	232	fine sand	poorly sorted

Total count, relative abundance (%) and feeding types of different nematode genera recorded in mangrove sediments along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea_ 1A – selective deposit feeders; 1B – non-selective deposit feeders; 2A – epigrowth feeders; 2B – predators/omnivores

Order	Family	Genus	Total count	Relative abundance (%)	Feeding type
Enoplida	Ironidae	Syringolaimus	1155	14.0	2a
	Ironidae	Dolicholaimus	86	1.0	2b
	Oxystominidae	Halalaimus	1336	16.2	1a
	Oncholaimidae	Viscosia	85	1.0	2b
	Oncholaimidae	Oncholaimus	71	0.9	2b
	Tripyloididae	Bathylaimus	40	0.5	1b
	Aegialoalaimdae	Aegialoalaimus	59	0.7	1a
Chromadorida	Chromadoridae	Spilophorella	91	1.1	2a
	Chromadoridae	Metachromadora	63	0.8	2a
	Cyatholaimidae	Paralongicyatholaimus	135	1.6	2a
	Selachinematidae	Synonochium	49	0.6	2b
	Desmodoridae	Desmodora	745	9.0	2a
		Molgolaimus	29	0.4	2a
		Spirina	447	5.4	2a
	Leptolaimidae	Leptolaimus	48	0.6	1a
	Microlaimidae	Microlaimus	1442	17.4	2a
	Microlaimidae	Bolbolaimus	198	2.4	2a
	Desmoscolecidae	Desmosolozenia	17	0.2	1a
	Haliplectidae	Haliplectus	63	0.8	1a
Monhysterida	Xyalidae	Stylotheristus	49	0.6	1b
		Theristus	196	2.4	1a
		Paramonhystrea	201	2.4	1b
		Daptonema	722	8.7	1b
	Linhomoeidae	Metalinhomoeus	90	1.1	1b
	Linhomoeidae	Terschellingia	849	10.3	1a

Meiofaunal abundance determined in different mangrove sediments worldwide (mean values given in parentheses)

Area/Country	Densities (ind. 10 cm⁻²)	References
	Minimum–Maximum (mean)
Hunter River, south-eastern Australia	63–12057 (225)	Hodda & Nicholas (1985)
Hunter River, south-eastern Australia	1–9596 (110)	Hodda & Nicholas (1986)
Northeastern Australia	57–2454	Alongi (1987a,b)
Mangrove mudflats, Australia In the top 1 cm of Av. marina sediment;	470–5000 (1830)	Nicholas et al. (1991)
Barwon estuary, Victoria, Australia	250–8622 (2170)	Gwyther (2000)
Mngazana estuary, South Africa	84–530 (246)	Dye (1983 a)
New Caledonia	70–5137	Della Patrona et al. (2016)
West and east coast of Zanzibar, Africa	205–5263 (1493)	Ólafsson (1995)
West and east coast of Zanzibar, Africa	271–656	Ólafsson et al. (2000)
Gazi Bay, Kenya, Africa	1986–6707	Vanhove et al. (1992)
Island of Santa Catarina, South Brazil	77–1589 (448)	Netto & Galucci (2003)
South Cuba	36–245	Lalana-Rueda & Gosselck (1980)
Gulf of Batabano, Cuba	5–594 (109)	Armenteros et al. (2006)
West coast of Malaysia	407–1109 (700)	Sasekumar (1994)
Southeast coast of India	234–890	Chinnadurai & Fernando (2007)
Northern Red Sea, Egypt	(343)	Pusceddu et al. (2014)
Sudanese coast of the Red Sea Intact mangrove	(288)	Sabeel (2015)
Western side of the Red Sea, Egypt	18–193 (109)	El-Serehy et al. (2015)
Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea	119–1380 (643)	Present study

Biodiversity indices of nematodes determined for different sites along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea: the total number of genera (S), richness (D), Pielou’s evenness index (J’) and Shannon-Wiener index (H’)

Site	S	d	J’	H’ (log)
I	2	0.27	0.95	0.66
II	1	0.00	0.00	0.00
III	1	0.00	0.00	0.00
IV	3	0.63	1.00	1.10
V	2	0.35	0.95	0.66
VI	3	0.54	1.00	1.10
VII	3	0.59	0.99	1.09
VIII	1	0.00	0.00	0.00
IX	2	0.34	0.97	0.67
X	4	0.91	0.98	1.36
XI	2	0.32	0.97	0.68
XII	10	1.96	0.98	2.26
XIII	2	0.31	0.99	0.69
XIV	3	0.55	0.98	1.08
XV	2	0.37	0.94	0.65
XVI	4	0.80	0.91	1.26
XVII	11	2.15	0.98	2.36
XVIII	10	2.00	0.98	2.25
XIX	5	1.03	0.99	1.59
XX	2	0.34	0.99	0.69

Nematode abundance (mean in parenthesis), percentage of total meiofauna, richness and dominant genera recorded in different mangrove sediments worldwide

References	Area/Country	Densities (ind. 10 cm⁻²) Minimum–Maximum (mean)	% of total meiofauna	Number of families	Number of genera
Hodda & Nicholas (1985)	Hunter River, south-eastern Australia	63–11892	87–100	23	55
Alongi (1987b)	Cape York, north-east Australia	3–987	–		(205 sp.)
Nicholas et al. (1991) In the top 1 cm of Av. marina sediment	Mangrove mudflats, Australia	113–451	–	26	38
Dye (1983a)	Mngazana estuary, South Africa	62–411	80.4	–	–
Vanhove et al. (1992)	Gazi bay, Kenya	–	54–95	–	–
Ólafsson (1995)	West-east coast of Zanzibar, Africa	131–5210	64-99	30	94
Ólafsson et al. (2000)	West-east coast of Zanzibar, Africa	271–656	58–87	13	28
Netto & Galucci (2003)	Island of Santa Catarina, South Brazil	196–811	85–94	28	86
Pinto et al. (2013)	Pernambuco state, Northeastern Brazil	–	–	25	73
Armenteros et al. (2006)	Gulf of Batabano, Cuba	5–591 (104)	33–100 (88)	–	–
Ali et al. (1983)	Bay of Bengal, India	35–280	50–67	–	–
Chinnadurai & Fernando (2007)	Southeast coast of India	234–890	86–93	20	36
Bhadury et al. (2015)	Central west coast of India	–	–	13	20
Ansari & Bhadury (2017)	Sundarbans, India-Bangladesh	–	–	29	84
Somerfield et al. (1988)	North-western coast of Malaysia	(122)	–	32	85
Sasekumar (1994)	West coast of Malaysia	374–885	80–93	–	17
Sabeel (2015)	Sudanese coast, Red Sea	10–370	40–98	20	35
El-Serehy et al. (2015)	Western side of the Red Sea, Egypt	8–162 (73)	42(–6784)	–	–
Present study	Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea	72–1100	29–100	15	25

Coordinates of different study sites along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea

Location	Site No.	Latitude N	Longitude E	Remarks
Jazan	I	16°25’6.85”	42°45’49.08”	Fringing reef
	II	16°41’54.15”	42°43’1.78”	Inland lagoon (dead mangrove)
	III	16°43’54.71”	42°42’29.12”	Inland lagoon (dead mangrove)
	IV	16°47’3.69”	42°40’23.07”	Fringing reef (near a sewage outlet)
	V	17°3’3.16”	42°27’8.85”	Fringing reef
Al-Birk	VI	17°48’0.89”	41°53’21.16”	Inland lagoon (fish farm outlet)
	VII	17°57’9.17”	41°41’10.91”	Fringing reef
	VIII	18°7’11.42”	41°34’52.77”	Fringing reef
	IX	19°47’30.24”	40°37’52.13”	Fringing reef
Al-Lith	X	20°9’56.94”	40°12’50.01”	Inland lagoon (fish farm outlet)
Jeddah	XI	21°16’8.74”	39°7’34.40”	Fringing reef (sewage plant outlet)
	XII	21°58’57.73”	38°58’44.60”	Inland lagoon
	XIII	22°15’11.33”	39°4’50.23”	Fringing reef
Rabigh	XIV	22°52’50.29”	38°56’33.66”	Inland lagoon
	XV	22°51’3.09”	38°57’35.99”	Inland lagoon
	XVI	23°8’10.01”	38°47’47.27”	Inland lagoon (fish farm outlet)
	XVII	23°19’47.25”	38°41’37.06”	Inland lagoon
Al-Wajh	XVIII	5°34’39.25”	36°58’13.98”	Inland lagoon
Al-Wajh	XIX	25°59’27.67”	36°42’39.29”	Fringing reef
Duba	XX	27°25’52.30”	35°36’9.54”	Inland lagoon

Values of Pearson’s coefficient of correlation (r) indicating possible relationships between meiofaunal groups and different environmental parameters (Meio – total meiofauna; Nema – nematodes; Poly – polychaetes; Oligo – oligochaetes; Turb – turbellarians; Cope – copepods; Ostr – ostracods and Amph – amphipods)

Parameter	Meio	Nema	Poly	Oligo	Turb	Cope	Ostr	Amph
Sand (%)	0.675 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.591 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.39	0.29	0.34	0.614 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.24	0.06
VC sand	−0.13	−0.11	0.03	−0.30	0.13	−0.22	−0.26	0.12
CS sand	0.32	0.24	0.26	0.00	0.39	0.37	−0.10	0.10
M sand	−0.08	−0.08	−0.08	−0.09	−0.10	0.06	0.07	0.01
F sand	0.38	0.34	0.09	0.40	0.13	0.38	0.492 Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed);	−0.17
VF sand	−0.448 Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed);	−0.35	−0.23	−0.09	−0.502 Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed);	−0.573 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	−0.28	0.01
Silt-clay	−0.675 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	−0.591 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	−0.39	−0.29	−0.34	−0.614 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	−0.24	−0.06
pH	0.39	0.33	0.31	0.32	0.35	0.12	0.16	0.13
EC	−0.28	−0.29	−0.11	−0.06	−0.01	−0.25	0.02	−0.03
OC (%)	−0.38	−0.39	−0.19	−0.19	−0.01	−0.23	−0.13	−0.11
Temperature	0.17	0.31	−0.10	−0.25	−0.09	0.08	0.06	−0.08
Salinity	−0.02	0.03	−0.13	−0.11	−0.21	0.10	−0.02	−0.02

Meiobenthic assemblage of the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea with emphasis on free-living nematodes

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Differences in abiotic parameters of seawater (temperature – T and salinity – S) as well as sediment [pH, electrical conductivity – EC (mS cm−1); total organic carbon – TOC; and MD – mean grain size] observed at different sites along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea

Total count, relative abundance (%) and feeding types of different nematode genera recorded in mangrove sediments along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea_ 1A – selective deposit feeders; 1B – non-selective deposit feeders; 2A – epigrowth feeders; 2B – predators/omnivores

Meiofaunal abundance determined in different mangrove sediments worldwide (mean values given in parentheses)

Biodiversity indices of nematodes determined for different sites along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea: the total number of genera (S), richness (D), Pielou’s evenness index (J’) and Shannon-Wiener index (H’)

Nematode abundance (mean in parenthesis), percentage of total meiofauna, richness and dominant genera recorded in different mangrove sediments worldwide

Coordinates of different study sites along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea

Paradigm

My account