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Temporal variability of enterococci and associated sources at three subtropical recreational beaches Cover

Temporal variability of enterococci and associated sources at three subtropical recreational beaches

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies
Volume 47 (2018): Issue 4 (December 2018)
By: Claudia Esmeralda León-López,  José Alfredo Arreola-Lizárraga,  Gustavo Padilla-Arredondo,  Jorge Eduardo Chávez-Villalba,  Renato Arturo Mendoza-Salgado,  Lía Celina Méndez-Rodríguez and  Jaqueline García-Hernández  
Open Access
|Dec 2018

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Location of the studied beaches (Los Algodones, San Francisco and Miramar) and sampling sites (dots) at each of them
Location of the studied beaches (Los Algodones, San Francisco and Miramar) and sampling sites (dots) at each of them

Figure 2

Mean monthly rainfall (2004–2014) in the area where the studied beaches (Los Algodones, San Francisco and Miramar) are located
Mean monthly rainfall (2004–2014) in the area where the studied beaches (Los Algodones, San Francisco and Miramar) are located

Figure 3

Wind direction and speed during 20 days prior to the sampling campaigns: a) March 16–April 6, b) 1–21 April, c) April 26–May 17, d) May 22–June 14, e) 9–30 January, f) January 15–February 5, g) January 22–February 12
Wind direction and speed during 20 days prior to the sampling campaigns: a) March 16–April 6, b) 1–21 April, c) April 26–May 17, d) May 22–June 14, e) 9–30 January, f) January 15–February 5, g) January 22–February 12

Figure 4

a) Rainfall during the three weeks prior to each sampling campaign and sea surface temperature at the time of sampling, b) Influx of users at the time of sampling, c–e) Concentration of enterococci in water: before (1), during (2), after the Easter Week (3 and 4), and in the wintertime (5, 6 and 7) at the three studied beaches: c) Los Algodones, d) San Francisco, and e) Miramar. The dotted line indicates the maximum concentration of enterococci (100 MPN 100 ml−1) allowed for the sustainability of beaches in Mexico (SE 2016). The continuous line indicates the reference value for public health risks by the World Health Organization (WHO 2003).
a) Rainfall during the three weeks prior to each sampling campaign and sea surface temperature at the time of sampling, b) Influx of users at the time of sampling, c–e) Concentration of enterococci in water: before (1), during (2), after the Easter Week (3 and 4), and in the wintertime (5, 6 and 7) at the three studied beaches: c) Los Algodones, d) San Francisco, and e) Miramar. The dotted line indicates the maximum concentration of enterococci (100 MPN 100 ml−1) allowed for the sustainability of beaches in Mexico (SE 2016). The continuous line indicates the reference value for public health risks by the World Health Organization (WHO 2003).

Figure 5

a) Rainfall during the three weeks prior to each sampling campaign and sea surface temperature at the time of sampling, b) Influx of users at the time of sampling, c–e) Concentration of enterococci in dry and wet sand: before (1), during (2), after the Easter Week (3 and 4), and in the wintertime (5, 6 and 7) at the three studied beaches: c) Los Algodones, d) San Francisco, and e) Miramar
a) Rainfall during the three weeks prior to each sampling campaign and sea surface temperature at the time of sampling, b) Influx of users at the time of sampling, c–e) Concentration of enterococci in dry and wet sand: before (1), during (2), after the Easter Week (3 and 4), and in the wintertime (5, 6 and 7) at the three studied beaches: c) Los Algodones, d) San Francisco, and e) Miramar

Summary of the main features and environmental characteristics of the studied beaches

FeatureBeaches
Los AlgodonesSan FranciscoMiramar
Type of siteBayOpen beachBay
Beach length used~1.8 km~1.5 km~1 km
Beach area used~9000 m2~7500 m2~5000 m2
Coast typeMicromareal (tidal range < 1 m)Micromareal (tidal range < 1 m)Micromareal (tidal range < 1 m)
Wave height< 1 m< 1 m<1 m
Surrounding landShrubs Sand dunesShrubs Sand dunesMangrove forest Urban development
ResidentialResidentialResidential
Human activityHotelTrailsHotel
Trails Streets
Commerce Commerce
Domestic animalsDomestic animalsDomestic animals
AnimalsSea birdsSea birdsSea birds
Horses
Summertime: SoutheastSummertime: SoutheastSummertime: Southeast
Prevailing windsWintertime: NorthwestWintertime: NorthwestWintertime: Northwest
Summertime: SoutheastSummertime: SoutheastSummertime: Southeast
Prevailing coastal currentsWintertime: NorthwestWintertime: NorthwestWintertime: Northwest
< 300 mm yr−1< 300 mm yr−1< 300 mm yr−1
Annual rainfall and seasonal distributionMostly summertimeMostly summertimeMostly summertime
Sewage discharges identifiedNoNoYes
Stormwater mixed with wastewaterLikely influenceLikely influenceYes
ShipsOccasionalOccasionalOccasional

Water environmental variables recorded at the three studied beaches: Los Algodones, San Francisco, and Miramar

Los AlgodonesSan FranciscoMiramar
Min.–MaxAverageSDMin.–MaxAverageSDMin.–MaxAverageSD
Temperature (°C)17.6–31.521.504.7418.3–31.521.814.2317.2–30.421.534.41
Salinity (PSU)30.3–36.835.081.9329.7–36.834.971.8430.4–36.935.131.89
Dissolved oxygen (mgl−1)3.2–7.56.191.383.4–7.76.261.265.8–8.17.040.71
pH7.8–8.68.280.257.8–8.78.320.307.4–8.78.310.33

Water quality criteria for primary contact recreational use established by the World Health Organization

95th percentile value of intestinal enterococci/100 ml (rounded values)Estimated risk per exposure
0–40< 1% GI disease risk/< 0.3 AFRI risk
41–2001–5% GI disease risk/0.3–1.9% AFRI risk
201–5005–10% GI disease risk/1.9–3.9% AFRI risk
> 500> 10% GI disease risk/> 3.9% AFRI risk
GI: Gastrointestinal, AFRI: Acute febrile respiratory illness
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2018-0031 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X
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Language: English
Page range: 327 - 336
Submitted on: Jan 17, 2018
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Accepted on: Apr 19, 2018
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Published on: Dec 3, 2018
Published by: University of Gdańsk
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
bacteria,
fecal contamination,
sand beaches,
sanitary quality,
enterococci
Related subjects:
Chemistry,
Chemistry, other,
Geosciences,
Geosciences, other,
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2018 Claudia Esmeralda León-López, José Alfredo Arreola-Lizárraga, Gustavo Padilla-Arredondo, Jorge Eduardo Chávez-Villalba, Renato Arturo Mendoza-Salgado, Lía Celina Méndez-Rodríguez, Jaqueline García-Hernández, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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