Figure 1
Salinity and temperature limits for copepod species occurrence in Lake Bardawil (2009–2010)
| Species name | Temperature, °C | Salinity, PSU | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| min. | max | min. | max | |
| Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa | 27.1 | 28.6 | 39.5 | 54.3 |
| Acartia (Acartia) danae | 16.4 | 25.6 | 38.8 | 52.1 |
| Clausocalanus furcatus | 25.0 | 25.3 | 39.9 | 51.8 |
| Euterpina acutifrons | 15.9 | 29.3 | 38.6 | 59.1 |
| Harpacticus littoralis | 17.3 | 29.5 | 39.7 | 57.4 |
| Lucicutia flavicornis | 23.8 | 25.4 | 39.9 | 46.4 |
| Microsetella norvegica | 18.4 | 27.7 | 38.6 | 44.5 |
| Oithona nana | 15.9 | 29.5 | 38.6 | 59.1 |
| Oithona plumifera | 19.4 | 19.4 | 38.6 | 38.6 |
| Paracalanus parvus | 15.9 | 27.7 | 38.6 | 52.1 |
Coordinates and depth of the sampling sites in Lake Bardawil in 2009–2010
| Sites | Latitude (°N); Longitude (°E) | Depth (m) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31°04″37″; 33°13′36″ | 1.40 |
| 2 | 31°05′58″;33°15′03″′ | 1.50 |
| 3 | 31°07′03″; 33°16′51″′ | 1.10 |
| 4 | 31°12′15″; 33°15′41″ | 2.00 |
| 5 | 31°08′35″; 33°15′40″ | 1.50 |
| 6 | 31°11′47″; 33°09′20″ | 1.00 |
| 7 | 31°11′26′ ′; 33°05′54″ | 1.40 |
| 8 | 31°03′50″; 33°00′02″ | 1.00 |
| 9 | 31°06′28″; 32°56′49″ | 1.60 |
| 10 | 31°08′01″; 32°55′47″ | 2.50 |
| 11 | 31°04′55′ ′; 32°49′17″ | 2.10 |
| 12 | 31°03′51′′; 32°46′75″ | 1.50 |
Copepoda species in plankton of Lake Bardawil in 2009–2010_ A = frequency of occurrence (%); B = average abundance (ind_ m−3)/the coefficient of variability; C = relative abundance (%)
| Species | 2009 | 2010 | Annual average/CV | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| August | November | February | May | ||||||
| Calanoida | |||||||||
| A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | B | |
| Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa Dana, 1849 | 36 | 364/1.39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 91/2.00 |
| Acartia (Acartia) danae Giesbrecht, 1889 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 767/1.67 | 25 | 267/1.95 | 50 | 1545/1.09 | 679/1.05 |
| Clausocalanus furcatus (Brady, 1883) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 182/2.14 | 46/2.00 |
| Lucicutia flavicornis (Claus, 1863) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 364/1.79 | 91/2.00 |
| Paracalanus parvus (Claus, 1863) | 9 | 182/3.32 | 67 | 433/1.08 | 25 | 200/1.81 | 50 | 727/1.07 | 255/0.66 |
| Cyclopoida | |||||||||
| Oithona nana Giesbrecht, 1893 | 100 | 4455/0.87 | 100 | 3833/0.62 | 75 | 867/0.73 | 100 | 4273/0.64 | 1680/0.39 |
| Oithona plumifera Baird, 1843 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 67/3.46 | 9 | 67/3.46 | 0 | 0 | 34/1.16 |
| Harpacticoida | |||||||||
| Euterpina acutifrons (Dana, 1847) | 33 | 364/1.85 | 92 | 3233/1.11 | 50 | 1533/1.38 | 83 | 3273/0.98 | 1414/0.67 |
| Harpacticus littoralis Sars G.O., 1910 | 55 | 727/1.39 | 25 | 133/1.95 | 33 | 267/1.48 | 50 | 727/1.33 | 309/0.67 |
| Microsetella norvegica (Boeck, 1865) | 9 | 91/3.32 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 133/2.34 | 0 | 0 | 67/1.20 |
| Nauplius | 100 | 39 455/0.36 | 100 | 51 500/0.05 | 100 | 18 733/0.63 | 100 | 45 364/0.79 | 14 230/0.37 |
| Cyclopoid copepodids | 100 | 13 000/0.49 | 100 | 7567/0.36 | 100 | 2067/0.65 | 100 | 10 917/0.64 | 8388/0.57 |
| Calanoid copepodids | 45 | 1000/2.10 | 83 | 2267/1.30 | 25 | 667/2.45 | 75 | 2636/1.09 | 956/0.58 |
| Total copepodids | 100 | 14 000/0.45 | 100 | 9833/0.38 | 100 | 2733/0.77 | 100 | 13 333/0.66 | 9975/0.52 |
| Total adults | 100 | 7182/0.79 | 100 | 8467/0.70 | 92 | 3333/1.00 | 100 | 10 417/0.50 | 7350/0.41 |
| Total of all stages | 100 | 59 636/0.34 | 100 | 69 800/0.41 | 100 | 24 800/0.54 | 100 | 69 833/0.60 | 56 017/0.38 |
| Total metazoan zooplankton | 100 | 69 727/0.33 | 100 | 78 200/0.42 | 100 | 35 133/0.41 | 100 | 23 2917/0.64 | 10 3994/0.85 |
| C | C | C | C | C | |||||
| Percentage of all copepod stages in total metazoan zooplankton abundance, % | 85 | 90 | 68 | 35 | 70 | ||||
| Percentage of O. nana abundance in the total number of adult copepods, % | 62 | 45 | 26 | 41 | 44 | ||||
| Percentage of E. acutifrons abundance in the total number of adult copepods, % | 5 | 38 | 46 | 31 | 30 | ||||
| Percentage of A. danae abundance in the total number of adult copepods, % | 0 | 9 | 8 | 15 | 8 | ||||
Copepoda species found in Lake Bardawil in 1967–2010
| Species | 1967 Kimor 1975 | 1981 Por and Ben-Tuvia 1981 | 1985 Fouda et al. 1985 | 2002–2003 El-Shabrawy 2006 | 2005 El-Shabrawy and Gohar 2008 | 2006 Mageed 2006 | 2009–2010 authors’ data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calanoida | |||||||
| Acartia (Acartiura) clausi Giesbrecht, 1889 | – | + | + | + | + | + | – |
| Acartia (Acartia) danae Giesbrecht, 1889 | – | – | – | – | – | + | + |
| Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa Dana, 1849 | – | – | – | – | – | – | + |
| Archescolecithrix auropecten (Giesbrecht, 1893) | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Calanus sp. | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Centropages calaninus (Dana, 1849) | – | – | – | – | – | + | – |
| Centropages kroyeri Giesbrecht, 1893 | + | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Centropages ponticus Karavaev, 1895 | – | – | – | + | + | – | – |
| Clausocalanus furcatus (Brady, 1883) | – | – | + | + | + | + | + |
| Eurytemora affinis (Poppe, 1880) | – | – | + | + | + | – | – |
| Isias clavipes Boeck, 1865 | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Lucicutia flavicornis (Claus, 1863) | – | – | + | – | – | + | + |
| Lucicutia ovalis (Giesbrecht, 1889) | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Paracalanus parvus (Claus, 1863) | – | – | + | + | + | + | + |
| Paracartia latisetosa (Krichagin, 1873) | – | + | + | + | + | – | – |
| Parapontella brevicornis (Lubbock, 1857) | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Parvocalanus crassirostris (Dahl F., 1894) | – | – | – | – | – | + | – |
| Temora longicornis (Müller O.F., 1785) | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Cyclopoida | |||||||
| Neocyclops salinarum (Gurney, 1927) | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Oithona nana Giesbrecht, 1893 | – | – | – | + | + | + | + |
| Oithona plumifera Baird, 1843 | – | – | – | + | + | – | + |
| Harpacticoida | |||||||
| Bryocamptus (Echinocamptus) spp. | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Canuella sp. | – | – | – | + | + | + | – |
| Euterpina acutifrons (Dana, 1847) | – | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Harpacticus littoralis Sars G.O., 1910 | – | – | – | + | + | + | + |
| Metis jousseaumei (Richard, 1892) | – | – | – | + | + | – | – |
| Microsetella norvegica (Boeck, 1865) | – | – | + | + | + | + | + |
| Poecilostomatoida | |||||||
| Corycaeus clausi Dahl F., 1894 | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Sapphirina angusta Dana, 1849 | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Sapphirina opalina Dana, 1849 | – | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Triconia conifera (Giesbrecht, 1891) | – | – | – | – | – | + | - |
Abiotic characteristics at the sampling sites (Lake Bardawil; 2009–2010)_ TB = transparent to the bottom; CV = the coefficient of variability
| Parameter | Sites | Average | CV | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |||
| Summer 2009 | ||||||||||||||
| Temperature, °C | 27.0 | 27.2 | 28.1 | 28.8 | 28.6 | 29.5 | 29.3 | 27.1 | 27.7 | 27.1 | 27.2 | 28.3 | 28.0 | 0.03 |
| Salinity, PSU | 57.7 | 51.0 | 57.4 | 46.2 | 53.2 | 48.2 | 48.7 | 54.3 | 44.5 | 39.5 | 53.2 | 67.7 | 51.8 | 0.14 |
| Dissolved oxygen, mg l−1 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 0.06 |
| pH | 8.42 | 8.56 | 8.66 | 8.40 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 8.46 | 8.11 | 8.24 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 8.43 | 8.43 | 0.02 |
| Transparency, m | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.70 | 1.50 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 1.20 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 0.46 |
| Autumn 2009 | ||||||||||||||
| Temperature, °C | 17.3 | 17.5 | 17.2 | 18.5 | 17.6 | 16.7 | 17.0 | 16.4 | 16.7 | 17.6 | 16.4 | 15.9 | 17.1 | 0.04 |
| Salinity, PSU | 54.1 | 56.1 | 49.4 | 49.4 | 40.0 | 48.9 | 42.4 | 50.0 | 44.3 | 39.8 | 45.4 | 52.1 | 47.7 | 0.11 |
| Dissolved oxygen, mg l−1 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 9.8 | 11.9 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 12.0 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 0.11 |
| pH | 8.33 | 8.37 | 8.50 | 8.31 | 8.35 | 8.20 | 8.28 | 8.11 | 8.19 | 8.30 | 8.18 | 8.22 | 8.28 | 0.01 |
| Transparency, m | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | – | – |
| Winter 2010 | ||||||||||||||
| Temperature, °C | 20.7 | 20.3 | 20.1 | 19.4 | 20.9 | 18.4 | 20.2 | 22.1 | 21.3 | 19.4 | 21.5 | 21.6 | 20.5 | 0.05 |
| Salinity, PSU | 49.0 | 48.6 | 45.8 | 38.8 | 42.4 | 40.4 | 41.1 | 47.4 | 39.7 | 38.6 | 45.9 | 52.9 | 44.2 | 0.10 |
| Dissolved oxygen, mg l−1 | 7.1 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 8.0 | 6.7 | 0.14 |
| pH | 7.95 | 8.17 | 8.04 | 8.20 | 8.01 | 8.16 | 8.14 | 8.04 | 8.26 | 8.36 | 8.06 | 8.19 | 8.13 | 0.01 |
| Transparency, m | 0.5 | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | 0.4 | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | – | – |
| Spring 2010 | ||||||||||||||
| Temperature, °C | 23.6 | 23.7 | 23.8 | 24.3 | 26.2 | 25.6 | 25.4 | 25.3 | 25.4 | 25.0 | 24.9 | 24.3 | 24.8 | 0.03 |
| Salinity, PSU | 56.2 | 52.8 | 46.4 | 40.5 | 49.9 | 48.2 | 46.9 | 51.8 | 42.6 | 39.9 | 49.5 | 59.1 | 48.7 | 0.12 |
| Dissolved oxygen, mg l−1 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 8.8 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 8.4 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 7.2 | 0.15 |
| pH | 8.07 | 8.08 | 8.07 | 8.20 | 8.20 | 8.40 | 8.31 | 8.01 | 8.19 | 8.15 | 8.17 | 8.20 | 8.17 | 0.01 |
| Transparency, m | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | 0.6 | TB | TB | TB | TB | TB | – | – |