Figure 1
Study area with the location of the sampling stations
Table 1
Coordinates, depth and biotope of the sampling stations
| Station ID | Lat. (°N) | Lon. (°E) | Depth (m) | Biotope | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-1-1 | 41°52′10″ | 27°59′10″ | 5 | Fine sand | |
| I-1-2 | 41°52′05″ | 27°59′24″ | 10 | Sand+Shell fragment | |
| I-1-3 | 41°52′13″ | 28°00′15″ | 20 | Sand | |
| I-2-1 | 41°53′25″ | 28°00′25″ | 5 | Fine sand+silt | |
| I-2-2 | 41°53′04″ | 28°00′45″ | 10 | Fine sand+Shell fragment | |
| I-2-3 | 41°52′24″ | 28°01′13″ | 20 | Sand | |
| I-3-1 | 41°52′50″ | 28°02′43″ | 5 | Silt | |
| I-3-2 | 41°52′39″ | 28°02′40″ | 10 | Sand+Shell fragment | |
| I-3-3 | 41°52′14″ | 28°02′44″ | 20 | Sand |
Figure 2
Physicochemical variables of the sampling seasons in the İğneada region
Table 2
Physicochemical variables of the İğneada region
| Temp (°C) | Salinity (PSU) | pH | DO (mg l-1) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nov-2012 | Min. | 14.81 | 17.82 | 8.25 | 8.24 |
| Max | 15.25 | 18.04 | 8.31 | 9.43 | |
| Mean | 15.05 | 17.95 | 8.29 | 8.47 | |
| May-2013 | Min. | 9.69 | 15.42 | 8.39 | 9.21 |
| Max | 18.04 | 17.95 | 8.61 | 10.51 | |
| Mean | 15.72 | 16.17 | 8.53 | 10.01 | |
| July-2013 | Min. | 22.97 | 14.92 | 6.87 | 7.39 |
| Max | 24.72 | 16.17 | 6.98 | 8.66 | |
| Mean | 23.71 | 15.76 | 6.92 | 8.05 | |
| Oct-2013 | Min. | 18.35 | 18.24 | 6.85 | 7.86 |
| Max | 18.65 | 18.28 | 6.89 | 8.2 | |
| Mean | 18.54 | 18.26 | 6.87 | 7.96 | |
Table 3
List of zoobenthos species collected during the study and their maximum densities (ind. m-2) per station
| Stations | I-1-1 | I-1-2 | I-1-3 | I-2-1 | I-2-2 | I-2-3 | I-3-1 | I-3-2 | I-3-3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depth (m) | 5 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 10 | 20 |
| PLATHELMINTHES | |||||||||
| Turbellaria (spp.) | 10/W | 10/A | |||||||
| NEMERTEA | |||||||||
| Nemertea (spp.) | 1 | 50/S | 100/Sp | 10/S | 50/Sp | 50/S | 90/Sp | 80/S | 40/A |
| OLIGOCHAETA | |||||||||
| Oligochaeta (spp.) | 860/W | 170/Sp | 21250/Sp | ||||||
| POLYCHAETA | |||||||||
| Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767) | 10/S | ||||||||
| Malmgreniella sp. | 50/S | 10/Sp | 10/S | 60/Sp | |||||
| Pholoe inornata Johnston, 1839 | 20/Sp | 10/S | 70/Sp | ||||||
| Eumida sanguinea (Örsted, 1843) | 10/S | 10/S, A | 10/Sp, S | 30/S | 10/S | 10/A | |||
| Mysta picta (Quatrefages, 1866) | 10/S | ||||||||
| Nereiphylla rubiginosa (Saint-Joseph, 1888) | 10/W | 10/W | 10/W | ||||||
| Phyllodoce maculata (Linnaeus, 1767) | 10/A | 20/S | |||||||
| Sigambra tentaculata (Treadwell, 1941) | 20/Sp | 10/Sp | |||||||
| Exogone dispar (Webster, 1879) | 520/Sp | 320/Sp | |||||||
| Exogone naidina Örsted, 1845 | 10/S | 50/Sp | 30/S | 10/S | 10/A | ||||
| *Odontosyllis gibba Claparède, 1863 | 30/Sp | ||||||||
| Salvatoriaclavata (Claparède, 1863) | 80/Sp | 60/Sp | |||||||
| Sphaerosyllis hystrix Claparède, 1863 | 100/Sp | 20/A | 70/W | ||||||
| Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982) | 10/Sp | ||||||||
| Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840 | 20/A | ||||||||
| Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) | 870/S | 20/S, A | 40/S | 40/W | 30/A | ||||
| Nereiszonata Malmgren, 1867 | 60/A | 10/S | 10/S | ||||||
| Glycera alba (O.F. Müller, 1776) | 80/S | 170/S | 150/S | 170/S | 10/A | ||||
| **Glycera fallax Quatrefages, 1850 | 40/A | 20/Sp | 10/W | 10/S, A | 20/Sp | ||||
| **Glyceraunicornis Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 | 80/S | 20/W | 20/S | 100/S | 10/A | ||||
| Micronephthys stammeri (Augener, 1932) | 180/S | 390/S | 140/W | 360/S | 950/S | 380/Sp | 630/Sp | 460/S | 720/W |
| Nephthys hystricis McIntosh, 1900 | 50/W | 10/W | 10/A | 10/W | 40/W | ||||
| *Nephtys incisa Malmgren, 1865 | 10/S | 10/S | |||||||
| Eunice vittata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) | 10/W | ||||||||
| Protodorvillea kefersteini (McIntosh, 1869) | 16/S | 940/A | 160/Sp | 1690/Sp | 260/Sp | 740/W | 850/S | ||
| Nainerislaevigata (Grube, 1855) | 10/A | ||||||||
| *Phylo foetida (Claparède, 1869) | 20/Sp | 10/W, A | 10/A | 70/Sp | 20/S | 10/S | |||
| **Aonides oxycephala (Sars, 1862) | 10/Sp | 10/A | 20/Sp | ||||||
| Aonides paucibranchiata Southern, 1914 | 100/W | 70/Sp | |||||||
| Polydora sp. | 20/Sp | 20/Sp | 100/Sp | ||||||
| Prionospio maciolekae Dagli & Çinar, 2011 | 40/A | 270/S | 2070/Sp | 40/Sp | 20/Sp | 140/S | 110/Sp | 30/W | 190/W |
| Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1870) | 10/Sp | ||||||||
| Scolelepis tridentata (Southern, 1914) | 10/W | ||||||||
| Spio decoratus Bobretzky, 1870 | 440/S | 190/W | 610/S | 610/S | 890/S | 370/S | 1910/S | 1140/S | 510/S |
| *Spiophanes afer Meißner, 2005 | 10/Sp | ||||||||
| Aricidea (Acmira) catherinae Laubier, 1967 | 20/Sp | 250/S | 60/S | 850/S | 10/A | 170/W | 940/W | ||
| Aricidea (Strelzovia) claudiae Laubier, 1967 | 40/A | 350/Sp | 10/Sp | 140/Sp | 10/A | 1650/A | |||
| Aricidea (Aricidea) pseudoarticulata Hobson, 1972 | 10/Sp | 10/Sp | 170/W | 140/A | |||||
| Cirrophorusbranchiatus Ehlers, 1908 | 20/Sp | 40/Sp | 50/A | 270/W | 60/A | ||||
| Paradoneis lyra (Southern, 1914) | 10/A | 30/S | |||||||
| Magelonaminuta Eliason, 1962 | 10/W | 30/A | 10/S | 10/A | 10/Sp | 50/S | |||
| **Magelona mirabilis (Johnston, 1865) | 20/Sp | 30/S | |||||||
| Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808) | 30/S | ||||||||
| Monticellina heterochaeta Laubier, 1961 | 10/S | ||||||||
| Capitella teleta Blake, Grassle, Eckelbarger, 2009 | 10/A | 20/Sp | 140/S | 3520/Sp | 10/A | ||||
| Capitomastus minima (Langerhans, 1881) | 140/S | 80/S | 80/S | 140/S | 90/S | 1810/S | 2990/Sp | 80/A | 260/W |
| Heteromastus filiformis (Claparède, 1864) | 10/A | 1000/S | 160/S | 210/A | 2110/S | 210/A | 340/A | ||
| Notomastuslatericeus M. Sars, 1851 | 40/S | 10/S | |||||||
| Leiochone leiopygos (Grube, 1860) | 60/S | 110/S | 30/Sp | 30/A | |||||
| Euclymene lumbricoides (Quatrefages, 1865) | 10/S | ||||||||
| **Petaloproctus terricola Quatrefages, 1865 | 10/S | ||||||||
| Ophelia limacina (Rathke, 1843) | 60/W | 40/Sp | 10/A | 10/A | 470/S | ||||
| Polyophthalmuspictus (Dujardin, 1839) | 10/Sp | ||||||||
| Lagis koreni Malmgren, 1866 | 10/S | ||||||||
| Melinna palmata Grube, 1870 | 10/S | 30/S | |||||||
| Amphitritidesgracilis (Grube, 1860) | 30/A | 10/S | |||||||
| Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835 | 10/S | ||||||||
| **Polygordius lacteus Schneider, 1868 | 60/W | 300/W | 40/W | 40/Sp | 10/Sp | ||||
| PHORONIDA | |||||||||
| Phoronida (sp.) | 1 | 10/A | 10/A | ||||||
| CRUSTACEA | |||||||||
| Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854) | 130/Sp | 10/Sp | |||||||
| Siriella jaltensis jaltensis Czerniavsky, 1868 | 10/Sp | 10/Sp | |||||||
| Bodotria arenosa mediterranea (Steuer, 1938) | 10/Sp | 20/Sp | 10/Sp | ||||||
| **Bodotria scorpioides (Montagu, 1804) | 10/W | 10/W | |||||||
| Bodotria sp. | 10/W | ||||||||
| **Cumopsis goodsir (Van Beneden, 1861) | 60/S | 130/Sp | 40/S | 120/Sp | 80/Sp | 60/S | 100/S | 40/S | |
| Iphinoe maeotica Sowinskyi, 1893 | 10/S | 30/S | 20/S | 10/S | |||||
| **Iphinoe serrata Norman, 1867 | 10/S | 10/A | |||||||
| Iphinoe tenella G.O. Sars, 1878 | 20/A | ||||||||
| ***Iphinoe trispinosa (Goodsir, 1843) | 10/Sp, S | ||||||||
| Pseudocuma longicorne (Bate, 1858) | 30/Sp | 20/Sp | |||||||
| Apseudopsis ostroumovi Bacescu and Carausu, 1947 | 70/A | ||||||||
| Leptochelia savignyi (Kroyer, 1842) | 20/A | ||||||||
| Tanais dulongii (Audouin, 1826) | 10/S | ||||||||
| **Dynamene bidentata (Adams, 1800) | 10/W | ||||||||
| Eurydicepulchra Leach, 1815 | 20/W | 30/W | 60/A | 10/Sp | 10/Sp | ||||
| ***Eurydice racovitzai Bacescu, 1949 | 40/Sp | 20/W | 10/S | ||||||
| Idoteabalthica (Pallas, 1772) | 20/A | 10/Sp | |||||||
| Ampelisca diadema (A. Costa, 1853) | 20/A | 10/Sp | 60/S | 10/A | 20/A | 10/Sp | |||
| Ampelisca pseudospinimana Bellan-Santini and Kaim-Malka,1977 | 70/S | 20/S | 60/S | 30/A | 160/S | 20/A | 60/S | 40/S | 110/S |
| Ampelisca sp. | 20/W | ||||||||
| Ampithoe ramondi Audouin, 1826 | 40/S | 10/Sp | 20/Sp | 40/S | 70/Sp | ||||
| Atylus massiliensis Bellan-Santini, 1975 | 20/W | 20/Sp | 60/Sp | 10/Sp, S | 130/Sp | 10/Sp | 20/S | ||
| Bathyporeia guilliamsoniana (Bate, 1857) | 120/S | 40/Sp | 40/A | 90/S | 50/Sp | 30/Sp | 10/A | 60/S | 60/S |
| Dexamine spinosa (Montagu, 1813) | 10/Sp | 20/Sp | 10/S | 20/S | |||||
| Ericthoniuspunctatus (Bate, 1857) | 20/S | ||||||||
| Gammarus aequicauda (Martyinov, 1931) | 30/Sp | ||||||||
| Megaluropus massilensis Ledoyer, 1976 | 40/S | 20/W | 30/S | 110/S | 10/S | ||||
| Microdeutopus gryllotalpa A. Costa, 1853 | 10/Sp | 10/Sp | |||||||
| Microdeutopus versiculatus (Bate, 1856) | 10/Sp | 20/S | |||||||
| Monocorophium acherusicum (A. Costa, 1853) | 50/S | 20/S | 50/Sp | 20/S | 10/S | ||||
| Perioculodes longimanus (Bate and Westwood, 1868) | 50/Sp | 140/Sp | 20/S | 60/Sp | 20/Sp | 50/Sp | 20/Sp, S | 10/Sp | |
| Tritaeta gibbosa (Bate, 1862) | 10/Sp | ||||||||
| Brachynotus sexdentatus (Risso, 1827) | 10/Sp | ||||||||
| **Callianassa truncata (Giard and Bonnier, 1890) | 10/S | 10/A | 10/A | ||||||
| Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) | 20/S | ||||||||
| Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1829) | 10/S | 20/A | 30/S | 20/A | 40/Sp, A | 20/Sp, A | |||
| Pisidia longimana (Risso, 1816) | 10/Sp | ||||||||
| Upogebiapusilla (Petagna, 1792) | 10/S | 10/Sp | 60/A | ||||||
| MOLLUSCA | |||||||||
| Gibbula albida (Gmelin, 1791) | 10/S | 10/S | 130/S | 10/S | 10/A | 10/A | |||
| Gibbula divaricata (Linnaeus, 1758) | 80/W | 10/A | 30/Sp | 10/Sp, S | |||||
| Tricoliapulluspullus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 50/A | 750/W | 1350/W | 110/S | 160/S | 200/S | 3210/Sp | 230/S | 870/Sp |
| Bittium reticulatum (da Costa, 1778) | 2310/S | 1230/S | 10360/Sp | 6770/A | 52240/S | 2860/S | 9750/Sp | 13760/A | 7100/Sp |
| Monophorusperversus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 210/S | 70/W | 70/S | 60/A | 170/Sp | ||||
| Epitonium clathrus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 40/S | ||||||||
| **Epitonium turtonis (Turton, 1819) | 10/S | 30/S | 10/S | 40/S | 40/S | 10/Sp, S | 20/A | ||
| **Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798) | 10/Sp | ||||||||
| Rissoa membranacea (Adams, J., 1800) | 110/A | 30/S | 10/W | 1420/A | 5310/S | 250/S | 730/A | 1820/A | 80/A |
| Rissoa splendida Eichwald, 1830 | 60/S | 80/A | 50/A | 470/A | 650/S | 90/S | 8640/Sp | 290/A | 90/A |
| Rissoa ventricosa Desmarest, 1814 | 20/W | ||||||||
| Rissoa sp. | 20/W | 150/Sp | 40/W | ||||||
| Pusillinalineolata (Michaud, 1830) | 70/S | 40/S | 330/A | 10/A | 80/S | ||||
| Pusillina radiata (Philippi, 1836) | 1400/S | ||||||||
| Pusillina sp. | 40/W, S | 250/S | 170/Sp | 30/Sp | 50/W | 240/Sp | |||
| Setiapulcherrima (Jeffreys, 1848) | 10/W | ||||||||
| Caecum trachea (Montagu, 1803) | 860/S | 960/S | 7660/S | 3100/S | 23930/S | 8740/S | 560/S | 3070/A | 1530/S |
| Ecrobia ventrosa (Montagu, 1803) | 80/S | 720/S | 120/S | 520/S | 1250/S | 30/A | 160/A | ||
| Hydrobia acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) | 40/A | 20/Sp | 100/A | 180/Sp | 10/Sp | ||||
| Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) | 20/S | 160/A | 920/A | 230/S | 40/A | 60/S | |||
| #Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) | 10/Sp | 30/A | 10/Sp | 10/Sp | |||||
| Cyclope neritea (Linnaeus, 1758) | 40/Sp | 30/W | 80/S | 50/A | 750/S | 70/S | 700/Sp | 50/Sp, S | 70/A |
| Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 20/S | 30/S | 50/S | 110/A | 1360/S | 180/S | 460/Sp | 40/A | 160/A |
| Bela nebula (Montagu, 1803) | 20/S | 20/S | 30/S, A | 280/S | 20/S, A | 140/Sp | 180/A | ||
| **Mangelia costata (Pennant, 1777) | 10/S | 10/S | 10/Sp | ||||||
| Mangelia pontica Milaschewitsch, 1908 | 230/S | 100/Sp | |||||||
| Mangelia sp. | 10/W | 80/Sp | 20/S | ||||||
| Partheninainterstincta (Adams, J., 1797) | 10/W | 20/Sp | 50/A | 30/S | |||||
| Turbonilla acuta (Donovan, 1804) | 70/Sp | 40/A | |||||||
| Turbonilla pusilla (Philippi, 1844) | 140/S | 130/S | 50/S | 170/S | 240/S | 210/S | 10/S | ||
| Cylichnina robagliana (Fischer, P, 1869) | 40/Sp | 70/S | |||||||
| Cylichnina umbilicata (Montagu, 1803) | 10/W | 140/Sp | 130/A | 140/A | 150/S | 120/A | 10/A | ||
| Retusa truncatula (Bruguière, 1792) | 110/S | 170/S | 120/S | 3040/S | 50/S | 80/S | 20/A | 80/S | |
| #Anadarakagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) | 10/W | 10/Sp | |||||||
| Mytilaster lineatus (Gmelin, 1791) | 10/W, Sp | 20/S | 10/Sp | 20/Sp | 10/Sp | ||||
| Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 | 100/Sp | 10/Sp | 30/S | ||||||
| Modiolus sp. | 20/Sp | 10/Sp | 10/Sp | ||||||
| Lucinella divaricata (Linnaeus, 1758) | 100/A | 590/W | 830/S | 160/S | 9600/S | 850/S | 780/Sp | 600/A | 100/S |
| Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791) | 40/Sp | 10/S | 20/Sp | 10/S | 10/S | ||||
| Spisulasubtruncata (da Costa, 1778) | 120/Sp | 200/S | 270/S | 40/S | 170/Sp | 80/Sp | 10/Sp | 140/S | |
| Tellina tenuis Costa, 1778 | 40/A | 40/A | 20/S | 60/A | 50/Sp | 30/Sp | 30/Sp | 20/S | |
| Donax trunculus Linnaeus, 1758 | 10/W | ||||||||
| Donaxvenustus Poli, 1795 | 10/Sp | 10/A | 40/S | 30/Sp | 30/Sp | 20/Sp | |||
| Chameleagallina (Linnaeus, 1758) | 960/A | 590/A | 400/S | 980/Sp | 2350/S | 500/S | 3430/Sp | 1630/Sp | 200/S |
| Gouldia minima (Montagu, 1803) | 50/S | 10/W | 30/Sp | 20/Sp | |||||
| Pitar rudis (Poli, 1795) | 160/S | 80/S | |||||||
| Polititapes aureus (Gmelin, 1791) | 20/Sp, A | 30/S | |||||||
| Lentidium mediterraneum (Costa O.G., 1829) | 30/Sp | 20/Sp | 40/W | 220/W | 50/W | 450/Sp | 10/A | ||
| HEMICHORDATA | |||||||||
| **Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774) | 20/W | 10/Sp, S | |||||||
A - Autumn, W - Winter, Sp - Spring, S - Summer
Figure 3
a) Relative dominance of zoobenthos by the number of species, b) Relative dominance of zoobenthos by the number of individuals, c) Relative dominance of zoobenthic species by the number of individuals
Figure 4
Diversity and evenness index values at the sampling stations
Figure 5
Dendrogram of the sampling stations (A: Autumn, W: Winter, Sp: Spring, S: Summer)