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Spatial and seasonal variations in the planktonic ciliate community and its relationship with environmental factors in Daya Bay, the South China Sea Cover

Spatial and seasonal variations in the planktonic ciliate community and its relationship with environmental factors in Daya Bay, the South China Sea

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies
Volume 46 (2017): Issue 2 (June 2017)
By: Fengxia Wu,  Jianrong Huang,  Zhanhui Qi and  Honghui Huang  
Open Access
|May 2017

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Location of the study area and the sampling sites of planktonic ciliates in Daya Bay
Location of the study area and the sampling sites of planktonic ciliates in Daya Bay

Figure 2

Proportions of the number of species (a) and abundance (b) of planktonic ciliates in Daya Bay
Proportions of the number of species (a) and abundance (b) of planktonic ciliates in Daya Bay

Figure 3

Variation in the number of species (a) and abundance (b) of planktonic ciliates in Daya Bay
Variation in the number of species (a) and abundance (b) of planktonic ciliates in Daya Bay

Figure 4

Cluster analysis of ciliate communities on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix from the fourth-root transformed biotic data of 48 surface samples from Daya Bay. Wi: winter; Sp: spring; Su: summer; Au: autumn
Cluster analysis of ciliate communities on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix from the fourth-root transformed biotic data of 48 surface samples from Daya Bay. Wi: winter; Sp: spring; Su: summer; Au: autumn

Figure 5

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of ciliate communities on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix from the fourth-root transformed biotic data of 48 surface samples in Daya Bay. Wi: winter; Sp: spring; Su: summer; Au: autumn
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of ciliate communities on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix from the fourth-root transformed biotic data of 48 surface samples in Daya Bay. Wi: winter; Sp: spring; Su: summer; Au: autumn

Figure 6

Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) ordination plots show the relationship between ciliate communities and environmental factors during four seasons (a), in winter (b), in spring (c), in summer (d) and in autumn (e). The length of vectors indicates the marginal effects of environmental variables they represent. The sample points can be projected perpendicularly onto the line overlaying the arrow of a given environmental variable. The sample points are arranged according to the predicated increase in values of a given environmental variable and the predicted increase occurs in the direction indicated by the arrow. (a) expresses mainly seasonal variation in ciliate communities in relation to environmental factors. (b)-(e) express spatial variation in ciliate communities in each season in relation to environmental factors. Wi: winter; Sp: spring; Su: summer; Au: autumn
Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) ordination plots show the relationship between ciliate communities and environmental factors during four seasons (a), in winter (b), in spring (c), in summer (d) and in autumn (e). The length of vectors indicates the marginal effects of environmental variables they represent. The sample points can be projected perpendicularly onto the line overlaying the arrow of a given environmental variable. The sample points are arranged according to the predicated increase in values of a given environmental variable and the predicted increase occurs in the direction indicated by the arrow. (a) expresses mainly seasonal variation in ciliate communities in relation to environmental factors. (b)-(e) express spatial variation in ciliate communities in each season in relation to environmental factors. Wi: winter; Sp: spring; Su: summer; Au: autumn

List of ciliate species encountered in Daya Bay

Ciliate species
1Amphorellopsis acuta22Tintinnopsis schotti
2Codonellopsis morchella23Tintinnopsis tentaculata
3Codonellopsis ostenfeldi24Tintinnopsis tubulosa
4Dadayiella ganymedes25Tintinnopsis turgida
5Eutintinnus fraknoii26Tintinnopsis vosmaeri
6Eutintinnus stramentus27Wangiella dicollaria
7Favella companula28Helicostomella longa
8Leprotintinnus nordqvisti29Strombidium conicum
9Leprotintinnus simplex30Strombidium globosaneum
10Salpingacantha minutissima31Strombidium major
11Metacylis tropica32Strombidium sp.
12Metacylis oviformis33Spirotontonia turbinata
13Stenosemella pacifica34Laboea strobila
14Tintinnopsis minuta35Euplotes eurystomus
15Tintinnopsis radix36Mesodinium rubrum
16Tintinnopsis tocantinencis37Didinium nasufum
17Tintinnopsis beroidea38Lacrymaria sp.
18Tintinnopsis butschlii39Amphileptus sp.
19Tintinnopsis corniger40Cyclidium sp.
20Tintinnopsis digita41Prorodon sp.
21Tintinnopsis nucula  

Dominant ciliate species in each season in Daya Bay (species dominance, Y ≥ 0_02)

Dominant speciesY
WinterSpringSummerAutumn
Tintinnopsis minuta0.5716--0.0215
Tintinnopsis beroidea0.0863---
Strombidium conicum0.03870.45830.03360.1792
Strombidium globosaneum0.11650.05380.04130.1481
Spirotontonia turbinata-0.36780.06560.0443
Laboea strobila-0.0687--
Amphorellopsis acuta--0.1321-
Eutintinnus stramentus--0.0407-
Tintinnopsis tocantinencis--0.02000.0447
Tintinnopsis corniger--0.0235-
Helicostomella longa--0.3221-
Tintinnopsis nucula---0.0937
Wangiella dicollaria---0.0507
Mesodinium rubrum---0.0948

Summary of results from biota-environment (BIOENV) analysis, with the top ten correlations corresponding to different variables (R is Spearman correlation coefficient)

RankREnvironmental variables
10.391Sal., pH
20.388Sal., NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43-
30.387DO, NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43-
40.386Temp., Sal., pH
50.386Temp., NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43-
60.386Sal., DO, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-
70.384pH, NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43-
80.384Sal., pH, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-
90.383Temp., Sal., NO2-, NO3-, PO43-
100.383pH, DO, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-

Correlation between environmental variables and ciliate abundance (N), the number of species (S) in four seasons in Daya Bay

parametersWinterSpringSummerAutumn
NSNSNSNS
Temp.-0.4480.0880.374-0.1810.282-0.751**-0.470-0.083
Sal.-0.606*0.441-0.840**-0.1030.881**-0.720**0.2310.431
pH0.748**-0.537-0.448-0.0610.342-0.2410.309-0.169
DO0.672*-0.352-0.379-0.3300.757**-0.560-0.214-0.064
NO2--0.4690.4540.331-0.0880.772**-0.5490.4990.395
NO3--0.4890.1850.341-0.02-0.3460.049-0.161-0.511
NH4+-0.1130.5430.434-0.105-0.0880.2250.590*0.688*
DIN-0.4840.2470.468-0.0910.179-0.1550.4740.338
PO43--0.3290.693*0.547-0.1650.677**-0.278-0.423-0.794**
Chl a0.3950.1790.2440.4320.0260.047-0.065-0.298

Environmental variables for Daya Bay water samplings in winter 2013, spring, summer and autumn 2014

ParametersUnitWinterSpringSummerAutumn
Temp.°C16.9324.7327.7524.89
Sal.PSU32.8331.8633.9433.80
pH 8.278.318.078.20
DOmg l-17.215.985.455.46
NO2-μmol l-10.390.270.630.20
NO3-1.571.737.052.09
NH4+1.531.743.121.78
DIN3.493.7410.84.08
PO43-0.290.200.410.22
Chl aμg l-11.782.073.922.48
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2017-0021 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X
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Language: English
Page range: 212 - 222
Submitted on: Aug 16, 2016
|
Accepted on: Oct 10, 2016
|
Published on: May 31, 2017
Published by: University of Gdańsk
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
ciliate community,
environmental factors,
relationship,
Daya Bay
Related subjects:
Chemistry,
Chemistry, other,
Geosciences,
Geosciences, other,
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2017 Fengxia Wu, Jianrong Huang, Zhanhui Qi, Honghui Huang, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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