Table 1
Classification of the analyzed Chara species according to different authors
| Krause (1997) | Wood & Imahori (1965) | Cirujano et al. (2008) |
|---|---|---|
| C. aspera Deth. ex Willd. 1809 | Chara globularis var. aspera (Deth. ex Willd. 1809) R.D. Wood 1962 | Chara aspera var. aspera Deth. ex Willd. 1809 |
| C. globularis Thuill. 1799 | Chara globularis var. globularis f. globularis R.D. Wood 1962 | Chara fragilis Desv. in Loisel. 1810 |
| C. hispida L. | Chara hispida var. major f. major (Hartm.) R.D.Wood 1962 | Chara hispida var. major (Hartm.) R.D. Wood 1962 |
| C. intermedia A.Br. 1859 | Chara hispida var. major f. intermedia (A.Br.) R.D.Wood 1962 | Chara hispida var. hispida (Hartm.) R.D. Wood 1962 |
| C. strigosa A.Br 1847 | Chara globularis f. strigosa (A. Br.) R.D. Wood 1962 | - |
| C. tenuispina A.Br. 1835 | Chara globularis var. tenuispina (Kütz.) R.D. Wood 1962 | - |
| C. virgata (C.delicatula) Kütz. 1834 | Chara globularis var. virgata (A. Br.) R.D. Wood 1962 | - |
Table 2
The studied species and populations
| Species | Locality with the number of individuals | Date of collection |
|---|---|---|
| C. aspera | Lake Mauda, Suwałki Lakeland, (31-34) Lake Pobłędzie, Suwałki Lakeland (35-38) Lake Wigry, Augustów Lakeland, (51-55) Lake Hańcza, Suwałki Lakeland (81-85) | Jul. 2014 Aug. 2013 Aug. 2013 Jul. 2014 |
| C. globularis | fish pond near Szczodre, Silesian Lowland, (201-205) Lake Czarne, Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland, (206-210) pond near Niemodlin, Opolska Upland, (211-216) | Jul. 2014 Jul. 2014 Jul. 2014 |
| C. hispida | Lake Okmin, Suwałki Lakeland, (21-24) Lake Szelment, Suwałki Lakeland, (25-28) | Jul. 2014 Jul. 2014 |
| C. intermedia | Lake Czarne, Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland, (91-94) pond near Staszów, Staszów Uppland, (95-97) | Jul. 2014 Aug. 2013 |
| C. strigosa | S part of Lake Hańcza, Suwałki Lakeland, (71-76) SE part of Lake Hańcza, Suwałki Lakeland, (131-134) | Jul. 2014 Jul. 2014 |
| C. tenuispina | Lake Drążynek, Wielkopolskie Lakeland, (101-104) Lake near Wągrowiec, Wielkopolskie Lakeland, (105-108) | Sept. 2013 Sept. 2013 |
| C. virgata | Lake Wigry, Augustów Lakeland, (1a-4a) Lake Serwy, Augustów Lakeland, (301-305) | Aug. 2013 Aug. 2013 |
Figure 1
LM images of the studied species: a. Stipulodes (upper arrow) and long spine cells (arrow in the middle of the axis) on C. aspera axis; b. Antheridia on male C. aspera; c. Upper branchlet of C. globularis axis; d. Rudimentary stipulodes below C. globularis branchlet; e. Short and reduced spine cells on C. globularis axis; f. Long spine cells on axis C. hispida; g. Spine cells in bunches on C. intermedia main axis; h. Antheridia and oogonia on dioecious C. strigosa; i. General habit of C. tenuispina; j. Long spine cells of C. tenuispina on the upper part of the main axis; k. Spine cells of C. tenuispina; l. Long stipulodes below the branchlet on C. virgata Scale bars: Figs 1, 4, 12, 100 µm; Figs 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 300 µm; Figs 5, 50 µm; Figs 7, 11, 150 µm
Table 3
Percentage of polymorphic and non-polymorphic fragments per primer combination for the analyzed Chara species
| Primer combination | All bands | Monomorphic | Polymorphic | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n) | (n) | (n) | (%) | |
| ACA/CGA | 185 | 6 | 179 | 97 |
| ACA/CGC | 177 | 16 | 161 | 91 |
| ACT/CGA | 184 | 15 | 169 | 92 |
| ACG/CAT | 201 | 11 | 190 | 93 |
Table 4
Jaccard’s genetic similarity index between pairs of plants belonging to different species
| C. globularis | C. hispida | C. intermedia | C. strigosa | C. tenuissima | C. virgata | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. aspera | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.68 | 0.37 | 0.21 |
| C. globularis | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.47 | 0.69 | 0.49 | |
| C. hispida | 0.71 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.1 | ||
| C. intermedia | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.25 | |||
| C. strigosa | 0.31 | 0.38 | ||||
| C. tenuissima | 0.46 |
Figure 2
Neighbor-joining dendrogram based on AFLP markers
Figure 3
Principal Component Analysis of AFLP of the analyzed species