Annual production to biomass (P/B) ratios of pelagic ciliates in different temperate waters

Description of water bodies and sampling periods. Both surface and near-bottom zones were sampled in lakes on each occasion. Water bodies are arranged according to mean annual ciliate biomass.

Water body	Trophic status	Coordinates	Area (ha)	Maximum depth (m)	References – characteristics of water bodies	Sampling period (number of sampling occasions)
Lake Marszewo	mesotrophic	54º30.5’N 16º42.6’E	18	20	Jarosiewicz (2009)	Sept. 2007 – July 2008 (7)
Lake Mały Borek	mesotrophic	54º05.3’N 17º25.6’E	7.6	11	Witek & Jarosiewicz (2010)	Nov. 2010 – Dec. 2011 (12)
Lake Dobra	meso-eutrophic	54º23.4’N 17º20.3’E	28.5	12	Jarosiewicz & Hetmański (2009)	Sept. 2007 – July 2008 (7)
Baltic Sea in Ustka	coastal brackish waters	54º35.2’N 16º50.0’E	-	6–6.5	Rychert et al. (2013)	April 2006 – April 2008 (30)
Baltic Sea in Sopot	coastal brackish waters	54º26.9’N 18º34.7’E	-	6–6.5	Rychert et al. (2013)	April 2003 – March 2004 (12)
Lake Kociołek	eutrophic	53º45.6’N 19º31.8’E	0.4	6	Czychewicz & Rychert, unpublished	May 2009 – June 2010 (11)

Data for the sampling site in the coastal waters in Sopot as an example of calculations performed for each water body. (A) Mean annual ciliate biomass – weighted mean calculated from seasonal changes in ciliate biomass. (B) Cumulative annual ciliate production – an integral calculated from seasonal changes in ciliate production rates.

Values of mean annual ciliate biomass in surface and near-bottom waters of four lakes and at two stations located in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. All sampling sites were located in the temperate zone.

Annual production to biomass (P/B) ratios calculated for ciliate communities in surface and near-bottom waters of four lakes and at two stations located in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. Mean values and standard deviations are noted at the top of the graph.

Table 2

Annual production to biomass (P/B) ratios for ciliates in different water bodies. When necessary, P/B ratios (yr^-1) were computed after the analysis of graphs published in the cited papers.

Water body	Layer	Annual P/B ratio (yr^-1)	Reference
Temperate zone
Meso-eutrophic Lake Constance	Epipelagic water	77-84	Müller (1989)
Lakes of different trophic status	Periodically anoxic near-bottom waters	78	This study
Oligo-mesotrophic Lake Michigan	Surface water	117	Carrick et al. (1992)
Gulf of Gdańsk	Epipelagic water	120-193	Witek (1998)
Gulf of Maine	Entire water column	135	Montagnes et al. (1988)
Gulf of Gdańsk	Oxygenated near-bottom water	139-153	Witek (1998)
Open northern Baltic Sea proper	Epipelagic water	141	Johansson et al. (2004)
Southampton water	Surface water	164-183	Leakey et al. (1992)
River Rhine	Main flow	238**	Weitere et al. (2005)
Bahía Blanca Estuary	Surface water	250	Pettigrosso & Popovich (2009)
Słupia River	Main flow	252	Rychert (2009)
Southern Kattegat	Entire water column	~256	Nielsen & Kiørboe (1994)
Lakes of different trophic status and coastal waters	Surface water	308	This study
Lake Gardno	Surface water	325-332	Rychert et al. (2012)
Oligo-mesotrophic Lake Ontario	Epilimnetic water	~475	Taylor & Johannsson (1991)
Tropical zone
Waters off Kingston, Jamaica	Entire water column	621****	Lynn et al. (1991)

** P/B ratio without assumption made by authors (Weitere et al. 2005) that ciliate growth was limited in summer, fall, and winter.

**** Aloricate ciliates only.

Distribution of annual ciliate production among the seasons of the year. Calculations were performed separately for surface and near-bottom waters of four lakes and at two stations located in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. All sampling sites were located in the temperate zone.

Mesotrophic Lake Marszewo

Date	Surface water				Near-bottom water (20 m)
	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production
	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1 d^-1]	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1d^-1]
17-Sep-2007	14.3	4.00	6.42	6.07	7.5	0.60	0.14	0.09
23-Oct-2007	9.7	1.14	1.04	0.61	7.4	2.20	2.02	0.79
20-Nov-2007	5.2	1.71	2.35	0.45	5.3	5.07	5.30	1.21
13-Feb-2008	2.9	3.20	1.15	0.14	3.0	3.12	1.34	0.17
13-May-2008	16.6	5.44	6.65	8.18	5.2	3.12	2.04	0.50
17-Jun-2008	17.5	2.80	4.63	5.93	5.5	12.00	12.55	2.96
23-Jul-2008	19.6	3.80	0.95	2.23	5.5	1.20	0.55	0.04

anaerobic ciliates – low production

Mesotrophic Lake Mały Borek

Date	Surface water				Near-bottom water (11 m)
	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production
	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1 d^-1]	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1d^-1]
7-Nov-2010	7.3	5.12	8.17	2.73	7.2	3.84	3.52	1.30
21-Feb-2011	0.3	0.83	0.59	0.00	4.4	0.66	0.32	0.07
4-Apr-2011	6.4	12.00	15.93	4.24	4.6	11.60	3.49	1.02
18-Apr-2011	9.9	9.12	17.26	9.35	4.9	0.21	0.42	0.08
9-May-2011	15.4	2.48	4.27	4.80	5.3	0.19	0.55	0.11
6-Jun-2011	22.2	3.44	2.21	5.51	5.8	0.13	0.57	0.11
5-Jul-2011	20.7	1.20	0.93	1.93	6.2	3.60	6.65	0.37
8-Aug-2011	21.8	0.72	0.56	1.21	6.5	2.32	27.59	1.18
5-Sep-2011	18.8	2.00	1.34	2.58	6.8	0.70	0.68	0.26
10-Oct-2011	14.2	2.70	1.67	2.13	7.2	1.90	1.60	0.70
7-Nov-2011	8.7	1.28	1.07	0.58	7.8	1.70	1.22	0.57
3-Dec-2011	4.6	0.60	0.83	0.15	4.7	0.30	0.46	0.08

anaerobic ciliates – low production

Meso-eutrophic Lake Dobra

Date	Surface water				Near-bottom water (12 m)
	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production
	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1 d^-1]	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1d^-1]
17-Sep-2007	14.5	57.49	20.30	27.99	10.1	40.00	30.25	18.35
23-Oct-2007	9.3	7.49	4.78	3.10	9.4	12.60	17.45	8.07
20-Nov-2007	4.2	3.20	6.36	0.85	4.2	2.40	66.98	0.80
13-Feb-2008	2.2	4.08	2.33	0.16	2.9	-	-	-
13-May-2008	16.8	7.60	4.54	7.69	7.7	5.00	3.29	1.48
17-Jun-2008	17.4	37.00	13.46	24.28	8.1	4.20	2.23	0.31
23-Jul-2008	19.5	8.63	3.32	7.66	8.5	0.08	0.27	0.03

anaerobic ciliates – low production

Baltic Sea in Ustka

Date	Surface water
	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production
	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1 d^-1]
9-Apr-2006	5.0	60.35	199.48	29.77
7-May-2006	8.0	16.30	49.41	14.89
11-Jun-2006	17.0	43.60	36.24	50.69
19-Jun-2006	14.0	13.36	15.44	14.22
5-Jul-2006	10.8	6.01	6.78	4.42
2-Aug-2006	20.6	6.30	23.76	29.86
18-Aug-2006	19.0	12.05	33.26	39.26
3-Oct-2006	16.9	1.40	2.07	2.61
24-Oct-2006	5.0	18.01	6.40	1.88
24-Nov-2006	6.6	10.05	8.87	2.98
26-Dec-2006	3.0	2.88	4.47	0.42
25-Jan-2007	2.0	0.48	0.24	0.02
26-Feb-2007	4.0	4.00	5.33	0.78
13-Mar-2007	6.9	23.69	35.03	9.76
29-Mar-2007	8.7	15.91	19.45	9.62
14-Apr-2007	10.0	16.73	15.76	10.28
30-Apr-2007	9.4	15.11	30.63	12.06
20-May-2007	15.0	6.24	17.28	15.36
1-Jun-2007	15.9	30.81	57.06	62.93
8-Jun-2007	13.6	10.13	16.19	13.53
14-Jul-2007	20.6	46.45	71.87	113.98
28-Jul-2007	20.5	8.23	3.69	8.53
12-Aug-2007	19.0	5.60	2.83	5.70
28-Aug-2007	17.7	56.67	12.77	28.44
30-Sep-2007	15.0	5.40	5.31	6.63
13-Oct-2007	11.8	9.11	5.85	5.91
14-Dec-2007	5.4	3.51	12.05	2.29
18-Jan-2008	3.2	2.60	2.59	0.31
3-Mar-2008	5.2	2.57	1.00	0.31
14-Apr-2008	6.4	4.12	2.15	0.86

Baltic Sea in Sopot

Date	Surface water
	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production
	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1 d^-1]
3-Apr-2003	3.9	9.00	22.79	2.42
8-May-2003	8.2	24.60	91.35	28.21
29-May-2003	13.7	149.60	78.53	81.38
26-Jun-2003	14.5	28.20	16.58	20.43
12-Aug-2003	21.3	14.30	5.69	14.17
8-Sep-2003	17.3	9.48	19.31	22.38
9-Oct-2003	13.2	13.44	12.06	11.35
14-Nov-2003	7.3	3.08	4.03	1.48
10-Dec-2003	5.5	3.66	1.63	0.55
12-Jan-2004	1.6	2.55	3.73	0.13
10-Feb-2004	2.6	2.94	3.74	0.29
11-Mar-2004	1.4	11.00	16.61	0.46

Eutrophic Lake Kociołek

Date	Surface water				Near-bottom water (6 m)
	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production	Temp.	Ciliate abundance	Ciliate biomass	Ciliate production
	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1 d^-1]	[°C]	[cells ml^-1]	[µgC l^-1]	[µgC l^-1d^-1]
16-May-2009	17.0	24.80	4.45	11.07	9.0	5.80	2.70	1.96
30-May-2009	18.0	139.20	99.88	184.64	13.0	103.20	59.67	69.20
14-Jun-2009	18.0	5.87	0.96	2.72	11.0	9.31	7.16	5.44
27-Jun-2009	22.0	11.00	2.25	7.52	13.0	3.60	4.85	0.90
12-Aug-2009	24.0	8.20	1.58	6.52	14.0	30.60	22.60	6.61
13-Sep-2009	17.0	38.40	8.30	18.94	12.0	4.40	6.61	4.15
11-Nov-2009	10.0	55.20	82.49	26.87	9.0	72.00	105.22	28.31
23-Feb-2010	3.0	24.00	10.15	1.40	4.0	5.40	3.21	0.60
18-Mar-2010	5.0	11.20	3.64	1.20	8.0	16.20	20.46	1.96
30-Apr-2010	19.0	31.80	4.26	13.65	15.0	26.00	3.98	8.40
4-Jun-2010	18.0	0.53	0.07	0.20	12.0	0.90	0.39	0.38

anaerobic ciliates – low production

References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2016-0035 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X

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Language: English

Page range: 388 - 404

Submitted on: Nov 26, 2016

Accepted on: Mar 7, 2016

Published on: Sep 22, 2016

Published by: University of Gdańsk

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

growth,

surface,

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© 2016 Krzysztof Rychert, Justyna Kozłowska, Kamila Krawiec, Natalia Czychewicz, Michalina Pączkowska, Magdalena Wielgat-Rychert, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 45 (2016): Issue 3 (September 2016)

Annual production to biomass (P/B) ratios of pelagic ciliates in different temperate waters

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Table 2

Figure 4

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