Temporal and spatial variability of heavy metals in Marudu Bay, Malaysia

Soon, Tan Kar; Denil, Delta Jenetty; Ransangan, Julian

doi:10.1515/ohs-2016-0032

Figures & Tables

Location of the ten sampling stations in Marudu Bay. Note: R1= Pitas River; R2= Bangkoka River ; R3= Marasimsim River ; R4= Taritipan River ; R5= Raku River ; R6= Sumbilingan River ; R7= Marudu River ; R8= Karangawan River ; R9=Matunggong River

Temporal variations of environmental parameters (mean ±SD) in Marudu Bay from February 2014 to April 2015

Spatial variations of environmental parameters (mean ±SD) in Marudu Bay from February 2014 to April 2015

Total rainfall and mean wind speed (mean± SD) in Marudu Bay from April 2014 to April 2015

Temporal variations of nutrients and clay-silt percentage (mean± SD) of sediment in Marudu Bay from February 2014 to April 2015

Spatial variations of nutrients and grain size (mean ±SD) of sediment in Marudu Bay from February 2014 to April 2015

Temporal variations of heavy metal concentration in Marudu Bay

Scatter plots of metals with a suitable reference element in the coastal sediment of Marudu Bay. The solid line represents the regression line with p<0.05, while dashed lines represent the 95% confidential intervals.

Linear regression equations for various trace metals and the reference elements and the corresponding calculated baseline concentration in the sediment

Element	N	n	Sample removed	Formula	Background
V	330	329	1	log₁₀V= -3.99 + 1.22*log₁₀Al	26.74 mg kg^-1
Mn	326	300	26	log₁₀Mn= -5.68 + 1.80*log₁₀Al	205.31 mg kg^-1
Zn	326	284	42	log₁₀Zn= -1.62 + 0.71*log₁₀Al	34.09 mg kg^-1
Fe	326	319	7	log₁₀Fe= -1.40 + 1.20*log₁₀Al	1.04 mg kg^-1
Ti	188	174	14	log₁₀Ti= -1.83 + 1.12*log₁₀Fe	507.61mg kg^-1
Rb	138	94	44	log₁₀Rb= 0.59+ 0.9*log₁₀Li	93.25 mg kg^-1
Sr	266	190	76	log₁₀Sr= -0.74 + 1.51*log₁₀Li	37.56 mg kg^-1
Cr*
Cu*
Cd*
Ag*
Ni*
As*
Li*
Pb*

Metals enrichment

	V	Mn	Zn	Ti	Rb	Sr
S1	1.07	1.22	2.39	0.67	0.61	0.60
S2	1.08	1.01	1.50	0.67	0.64	0.54
S3	1.12	0.75	2.35	0.66	0.96	1.00
S4	1.11	1.19	1.36	0.63	0.92	0.99
S5	1.07	1.18	1.93	0.69	0.52	0.65
S6	0.98	1.20	1.47	0.64	1.29	1.53
S7	1.11	0.52	1.72	0.70	0.87	0.80
S8	1.09	1.43	1.33	0.80	0.38	0.52
S9	1.09	1.34	1.40	0.70	0.25	0.31
S10	1.08	1.30	1.35	0.55	0.79	0.77

Pearson's correlation coefficients between environmental parameters after logarithmic transformation and the concentration of trace metals

	V	Mn	Zn	As	Ti	Rb	Sr	Cr	Cu	Cd	Ag	Ni	Pb	Li	Fe	Al
PC1		.12 * p<0.05	-.30 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;				-.15 * p<0.05		-.14 * p<0.05				-.32 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		.12 * p<0.05
PC2			.25 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.21 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		.40 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		.16 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		-.77 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		.34 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.21 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.21 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;
PC3	.25 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.31 * p<0.05	.12 * p<0.05	-.13 * p<0.05	.20 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.376 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.46 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.26 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;				.42 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		.43 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.23 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.25*
Clay-silt			.13 * p<0.05	-.16 * p<0.05		.23 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.17 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.17 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		-.742 * p<0.05		.32 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;
DO	-.20 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.14 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.21 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		-.26 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		-.18 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.18 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.31 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;			-.22 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;
Current			-.29 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.14 * p<0.05		-.19	-.18 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.26 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.13 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;			-.22 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.23 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;
Sal.
pH	.13 * p<0.05	.15 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.18 * p<0.05	.23 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;						-.68 * p<0.05	.54 * p<0.05		-.36 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		.13 * p<0.05	.22 * p<0.05
Temp.		.18 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.29 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;				-.23 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		-.18 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		.52 * p<0.05
Organic	.18 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.23 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.16 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	-.26 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		.38 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.44 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.20 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;				.41 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;		.46 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.19 ** The significant coefficients: p<0.01;	.22 * p<0.05

Concentrations of metals in the sediment of Marudu Bay

	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8	S9	S10
Al(%)	3.02 ± 1.29	3.08 ±	2.14 ± 0.92	2.54 ± 1.03	2.15 ± 1.73	3.81 ± 1.18	2.43 ± 1.02	2.98 ± 1.18	2.92 ± 1.11	2.86 ± 1.20
Fe (%)	1.22 ± 0.67	1.24 ± 0.60	0.90 ± 0.42	0.90 ± 0.44	0.88 ± 0.54	1.18 ± 0.53	0.93 ± 0.52	1.40 ± 0.86	1.33 ± 0.77	1.32 ± 0.54
Mn (mg kg^-1)	275.60 ± 204.90	231.80 ± 134.80	119.40 ± 90.20	224.78 ± 126.64	188.71 ± 232.11	341.65 ± 176.60	93.71 ± 75.86	318.22 ± 222.28	291.50 ± 218.56	277.50 ± 167.94
Zn (mg kg^-1)	89.30 ± 91.60	57.30 ± 38.80	62.20 ± 60.50	42.77 ± 21.74	51.33 ± 30.63	69.20 ± 50.50	51.81 ± 35.60	49.18 ± 20.80	50.57 ± 19.41	47.86 ± 19.02
As (mg kg^-1)	2.19 ± 1.96	2.57 ± 2.01	2.93 ± 2.04	2.98 ± 2.01	2.77 ± 2.21	2.62 ± 1.72	3.76 ± 2.19	0.66 ± 1.42	0.00 ± 1.43	2.62 ± 2.19
Ti (mg kg^-1)	364.1 ± 450.20	347.0 ± 415.1	246.8 ± 246.3	236.18 ± 266.87	251.63 ± 288.83	316.76 ± 337.46	271.31 ± 324.69	468.66 ± 598.90	388.01 ± 575.39	300.51 ± 385.30
Cd (mg kg^-1)	0.00 ± 0.43	0.00 ± 0.38	0.00 ± 0.36	0.27 ± 1.62	0.00 ± 0.61	0.00 ± 0.36	0.00 ± 0.38	0.00 ± 0.40	0.00 ± 0.66	0.00 ± 0.39
V (mg kg^-1)	31.38 ± 16.17	32.20 ± 16.88	23.31 ± 12.65	27.38 ± 13.56	22.26 ± 16.38	36.31 ± 17.02	26.26 ± 14.58	31.59 ± 22.97	30.92 ± 17.63	29.90 ± 16.74
Rb (mg kg^-1)	78.90 ± 19.30	78.49 ± 18.53	61.43 ± 23.46	82.96 ± 29.64	68.13 ± 34.11	110.45 ± 21.83	71.29 ± 26.54	72.33 ± 24.48	67.98 ± 27.04	94.00 ± 27.71
Sr (mg kg^-1)	31.20 ± 8.40	26.60 ± 7.50	25.82 ± 10.20	35.95 ± 11.68	33.98 ± 14.88	52.67 ± 15.06	26.35 ± 8.08	40.20 ± 15.05	33.27 ± 9.96	37.10 ± 11.89
Li (mg kg^-1)	47.60 ± 23.30	44.60 ± 24.30	23.46 ± 24.86	33.12 ± 31.69	47.84 ± 65.71	31.28 ± 28.94	29.95 ± 32.34	70.03 ± 45.07	98.02 ± 56.97	43.48 ± 39.54
Cr (mg kg^-1)	0.00 ± 0.43	0.00 ± 0.38	0.00 ± 0.36	0.27 ± 1.62	0.00 ± 0.61	0.00 ± 0.36	0.00 ± 0.38	0.00 ± 0.40	0.00 ± 0.66	0.00 ± 0.39
Cu (mg kg^-1)	57.40 ± 58.00	115.80 ± 169.30	59.56 ± 52.48	61.60 ± 68.39	61.49 ± 76.73	53.69 ± 57.96	57.92 ± 71.63	95.83 ± 143.35	79.80 ± 76.99	56.30 ± 64.58
Ag (mg kg^-1)	0.00 ± 0.95	0.00 ± 0.90	0.00 ± 0.60	0.00 ± 0.66	0.00 ± 0.80	0.00 ± 0.68	0.00 ± 0.70	0.00 ± 1.03	0.00 ± 0.88	0.00 ± 0.65
Ni (mg kg^-1)	71.90 ± 24.70	65.30 ± 29.40	24.47 ± 23.33	37.29 ± 40.31	36.48 ± 31.15	41.47 ± 22.94	30.46 ± 17.75	109.21 ± 54.56	135.09 ± 54.62	66.00 ± 27.97
Pb (mg kg^-1)	4.7 ± 5.0	3.20 ± 6.24	1.78 ± 6.72	4.87 ± 6.53	4.98 ± 5.17	2.78 ± 5.89	2.90 ± 7.02	3.29 ± 4.19	3.13 ± 3.61	6.16 ± 2.44

Principal component analysis: Varimax rotated component matrix

	PC1	PC2	PC3
Temperature	0.85	0.07	0.05
pH	0.70	-0.20	0.20
Salinity	0.37	-0.24	-0.01
Current	0.84	-0.01	-0.14
Dissolved oxygen	0.70	0.18	-0.37
Particle size	0.09	-0.94	0.03
Clay-silt composition	-0.02	0.93	0.02
Organic content	-0.04	0.15	0.92
Total variation explained (%)	28.5	27.0	13.6

Granulometric characteristics of the sediments from each station in Marudu Bay

	Clay (% ±SD)	Silt (% ±SD)	Sand (% ±SD)
SI	2.8 ± 0.7	57.1 ± 8.7	40.5 ± 8.6
S2	2.6 ± 0.7	53.7 ± 8.9	44.0 ± 8.8
S3	2.2 ± 0.6	40.3 ± 7.9	66.1 ± 13.8
S4	2.6 ± 0.7	44.5 ± 14.5	61.9 ± 19.0
S5	2.4 ± 0.8	45.3 ± 13.1	61.1 ± 18.3
S6	2.2 ± 0.9	39.0 ± 17.8	67.6 ± 20.4
S7	2.5 ± 0.8	50.3 ± 10.6	47.5 ± 10.6
S8	2.3 ± 0.7	47.9 ± 8.4	52.5 ± 7.8
S9	2.6 ± 0.7	58.4 ± 11.0	39.3 ± 10.7
S10	3.0 ± 0.9	56.5 ± 16.3	40.9 ± 15.9

Temporal and spatial variability of heavy metals in Marudu Bay, Malaysia

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Linear regression equations for various trace metals and the reference elements and the corresponding calculated baseline concentration in the sediment

Metals enrichment

Pearson's correlation coefficients between environmental parameters after logarithmic transformation and the concentration of trace metals

Concentrations of metals in the sediment of Marudu Bay

Principal component analysis: Varimax rotated component matrix

Granulometric characteristics of the sediments from each station in Marudu Bay

Paradigm

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