Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Frequency of antibiotic resistance (%) of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the Istanbul Strait, the Canakkale Strait and the Sea of Marmara
| Isolates | AMP | CXM | CAZ | CN | K | TE | VA | OFX | ATM | AMC | CTX |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cedecea spp. | 100 | 50 | 100 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Citrobacter spp. | 100 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| E. coli | 66.6 | 66.6 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 14.9 | 37.1 | 18.5 | 25.6 | 7.4 | 29.6 | 18.5 |
| Enterobacter spp. | 57.1 | 57.1 | 85.7 | 14.3 | 21.4 | 42.9 | 0 | 14.2 | 7.1 | 35.7 | 21.4 |
| Klebsiella spp. | 72.7 | 50 | 45.5 | 9.1 | 18.1 | 36.3 | 27.7 | 31.8 | 4.54 | 45.4 | 18.1 |
| Pantoea spp. | 66.6 | 66.6 | 66.6 | 0 | 16.6 | 33.3 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 66.6 |
| Proteus spp. | 100 | 100 | 80 | 0 | 20 | 60 | 40 | 40 | 20 | 40 | 0 |
| Providencia spp. | 50 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 50 |
| Raoultella spp. | 100 | 57.1 | 71.4 | 0 | 28.5 | 42.8 | 0 | 42.8 | 28.5 | 28.5 | 0 |
| Salmonella spp. | 100 | 100 | 90 | 0 | 10 | 66.6 | 66.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Serratia spp. | 62.5 | 56.2 | 87.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 43.75 | 43.75 | 6.25 | 0 | 37.5 | 12.5 |
Diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in the sampling areas
| Species | Sampling areas | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Cedecea lapagei Grimont et al. 1981 | + | + | - |
| Citrobacter braakii Brenner et al. 1993 | + | + | + |
| C.freundii (Braak 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932 | + | + | + |
| Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 | + | + | + |
| E. cloacae (Jordan 1890) Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 | + | + | + |
| E. sakazakii (Farmer et al. 1980) | + | + | + |
| Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885 | + | + | + |
| Hafnia alvei Møller, 1954 | + | + | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae Schroeter 1886 Trevisan 1887 | + | + | + |
| K. ornithinolytica Sakazaki et al. 1989 | + | + | - |
| K. oxytoca (Flügge 1886) Lautrop 1956 | + | + | + |
| K. planticola Bagley et al. 1982 | + | + | - |
| Pantoea agglomerans (Ewing and Fife 1972) Gavini et al. 1989 | + | + | - |
| Proteus vulgaris Hauser 1885 | + | + | + |
| P. mirabilis Hauser 1885 | + | + | + |
| Providencia rettgeri (Hadley 1918) Brenner et al. 1978 | + | + | - |
| Raoultella terrigena (Izard et al. 1981) Drancourt et al. 2001 | + | + | - |
| Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae (Borman 1957) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 | + | + | + |
| S. typhimurium (Loeffler 1892) Castellani and Chalmers 1919 | + | + | + |
| Serratia marcescens Bizio 1823 | + | + | + |
| S. odorifera Grimont et al. 1978 | + | + | - |
| S. plymuthica (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Breed et al. 1948 | + | + | - |
| S. liquefaciens (Grimes and Hennerty 1931) Bascomb et al. 1971 | + | + | - |
| Yersinia enterocolitica (Schleifstein and Coleman 1939) Frederiksen 1964 | + | + | - |
Sequence of each primer (forward, f and reverse, r) used to amplify the two genes/intergenic regions searched using PCR and the respective expected amplicon sizes
| Gene/ IR | Sequence | Amplicon size (bp) | Annealing temperature (°C) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| vanA | f 5’-GGGAAAACGACAATTGC-3’ | 732 | 54 | Dutka-Malen 1995 |
| r 5’-GTACAATGCGGCCGTTA-3’ | ||||
| vanB | f 5’-ATGGGAAGCCGATAGTC-3’ | 635 | 54 | Ribeiro et al. 2007 |
| r 5’-GATTTCGTTCCTCGACC-3’ |