References
- Broddason, Thorbjörn (1996) Television in Time. Research Images and Empirical Findings. Lund: Lund University Press.
- Buckingham, David (2002) ‘The Electronic Generation? Children and the New Media’, in Leah A. Lievrouw and Sonia Livingstone (eds.) Handbook of New Media. Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs. London: SAGE Publications, pp. 77-89
- Buckingham, David (2000) After the Death of Childhood. Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Carey, James W. (1989/1992) Communication as Culture. Essays on Media and Society. New York: Routledge.
- Castells, Manuel (2001) The Internet Galaxy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Corteen, Raymond S. and Tannis McBeth Williams (1986) ‘Television and Reading Skills’, in Tannis McBeth Williams, (ed.) The Impact of Television. A Natural Experiment in Three Communities. London: Academic Press, pp.39-86.
- Eichenwald, Kurt (2005) ‘Through His Webcam, a Boy Joins a Sordid Online World’, The New York Times (http://www.nytimes.com) (accessed December 19, 2005).
- Hegna, Kristinn (2005) ”Likestillingsprosjektets” barn. Endringer I kjønnsforskjeller blant ungdom fra 1992-2002 [The children of the ”Equality project”. Changes in gender differences among youths 1992-2002]. Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring NOVA Rapport 21/2005, http://www.nova.no/asset/1078/1/1078_1.pdf (accessed December 19, 2005).
- Himmelweit, Hilde T., A. N. Oppenheim and Pamela Vince (1958) Television and the Child. An Empirical Study of the Effects of Television on the Young. London: Oxford University Press.
- Kellner, Douglas (2002) ‘New Media and New Literacies: Reconstructing Education for the New Millennium’, in Leah A. Lievrouw and Sonia Livingstone (eds.) Handbook of New Media. Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs. London: Sage Publications, pp. 90-104
- Knulst, Wim and Gerbert Kraaykamp (1997) ‘The Decline of Reading: Leisure Reading Trends in the Netherlands (1955-1995)’, Netherlands Journal of Social Science 33(2): 130-150.
- Koolstra, Cees M. and Tom H.A. van der Voort (1996) ‘Longitudinal Effects of Television on Children’s Leisure-Time Reading: A Test of Three Explanatory Models’, Human Communication Research, 23(1): 4-35.
- Kubey, Robert and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1990) Television and the Quality of Life: How Viewing Shapes Everyday Experience. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
- Kubey, Robert and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2002) ‘Television Addiction Is No Mere Metaphor’, Scientific American Feature Article, http://www.sciam.com/2002/0202issue/0202kubey.html (accessed December 20, 2005).
- Livingstone, Sonia, Moira Bovill and George Gaskell (1999) ‘European TV Kids in a Transformed Media World: Findings of the UK study’, in Paul Löhr and Manfred Meyer: Children, Television and the New Media. A Reader of Research and Documentation in Germany. Luton: Luton University Press, pp 8-24.
- Livingstone, Sonia and Moira Bovill (2001) Families and the Internet: An Observational Study of Children and Young People’s Internet Use http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/media@lse/pdf/btreport_familiesinternet. pdf (accessed August 3, 2004).
- Livingstone, Sonia (2002) Young People and New Media. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Livingstone, Sonia and Magdalena Bober (2004) UK Children Go Online. London: Economic and Social Research Council.
- National Reading Campaign, http://www.literacytrust.org.uk, (accessed July, 2004).
- Neuman, Susan B. (1988) ‘The Displacement Effect: Assessing the Relation Between Television Viewing and Reading Performance’, Reading Research Quarterly, 23(4): 414-440.10.2307/747641
- Ólafsson, Kjartan (2000) Tómstundastörf og fjölmiðlanotkun íslenskra ungmenna 1968-1997. Niðurstöður rannsókna meðal 10-15 ára ungmenna í Reykjavík, á Akureyri og í Vestmannaeyjum. Leisure activities and media habits among 10- to 15-year-olds 1968-1997). Unpublished MA thesis, University of Iceland.
- Rosengren, Karl Erik and Sven Windahl (eds.) (1989) Media Matter. TV Use in Childhood and Adolescence. Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
- The Scotsman (2004) ‘A Fifth of Teens Say Books a Waste of Their Time’, http://news.scotsman.com/scotland.cfm?id=653382004) (accessed June 9, 2004).
- Tichi, Cecelia (1991) Electronic Hearth. Creating American Television Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780195079142.001.0001
- Wellman, Barry (2001) ‘Physical Place and Cyberplace: The Rise of Personalized Networking’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(2): 228-252. 10.1111/1468-2427.00309