References
- Aalberg, T. (2006) ‘Media Systems, News Content and Public perception of Political Reality’, Research proposal submitted to the Norwegian Research Council’s ‘Yngre fremragende forskere’ program. Trondheim: NTNU.
- Aalberg, T., P. van Aelst and J. Curran (2008) ‘Media Systems and the Information Environment. An Empirical Study of Two Liberal and Four Democratic Corporatist Countries’, Paper presented at the 26th Congress of the International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR) Stockholm, Sweden July 20-25.
- Alba, R., R.G. Rumbaut, and K. Marotz. (2005) ‘A Distorted Nation: Perceptions of Racial/Ethnic Group Sizes and Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Other Minorities’, Social Forces 84: 901-919.
- Ansolabehere, S., S. Iyengar, A. Simon and N. Valentino (1994) ‘Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate?’, American Political Science Review 88: 829-838.
- Ansolabehere, S. & and S. Iyengar (1995) Going Negative. How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Electorate. New York: The Free Press.
- Ansolabehere S., S. Iyengar and A. Simon (1999) ‘Replicating Experiments using Aggregate and Survey Data: The case of Negative Advertising and Turnout’, American Political Science Review 93: 901-909.
- Bennet, S.E. (1998) ‘Young Americans’ Indifference to Media Coverage of Public Affairs’, PS: Political Science and Politics 31: 535-541.
- Bennet, W. (2003) News: The Politics of Illusion 5th edition. New York: Longman.
- Bizer, G.Y., P.S. Visser, M.K. Berent and J.A. Krosnick (2004) ‘Importance, Knowledge, and Accessibility: Exploring the Dimensionality of Strength-related Attitude Properties’, in Saris, W.E. & P. Sneiderman (eds.) Studies in Public Opinion. Attitudes, Nonattitudes, Measurement Error, and Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Blumler, J.G., and M. Gurevitch, (1995). The Crisis of Public Communication. London: Routledge.
- Boomparden, H.G. and R. Vliegenthart (2007) ‘Explaining the Rise of Anti-immigrant Parties: The Role of News Media Content’, Electoral Studies 26: 404-417.
- Cappella, J.N. and K.H. Jamieson (1997) Spiral of Cynicism. The Press and the Public Good. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Curran, J. (2002) Media and Power. London: Routledge
- Curran, J., S. Iyengar, A.B. Lund and I. Salovaara-Moring (2009) ‘Media System, Public Knowledge and Democracy: A Comparative Study’, European Journal of Communication 24: 5-26.
- Dalrymple, K.E. and D.A. Scheufele (2007) ‘Finally Informing the Electorate? How the Internet got People Thinking about Presidential Politics in 2004’, Harvard International Journal of Press-Politics 12: 96-111.
- Dalton, R.J. (1984) ‘Cognitive Mobilization and Partisan Dealignment in Advanced Industrial Democracies’, Journal of Politics 46: 264-284.
- Dalton, R.J. (1988) Citizen Politics in Western Democracies: Public Opinion and Political Parties in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, and France. New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers
- Delli Carpini, M.X. and S. Keeter (1996) What Americans Know about Politics and Why it Matters. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
- de Vreese, C.H. and H. Boomgaarden (2005) ‘News, Political Knowledge and Participation: The Differential Effects of News Media Exposure on Political Knowledge and Participation’, Acta Politica 41: 317-341.
- Dimock, M. and S. Popkin (1997) ‘Political Knowledge in Comparative Perspective’, in S. Iyengar and R. Reeves (eds.) Do the Media Govern? Beverly Hills: Sage.
- Djankov, S., C. McLiesh, T. Nenova, and A. Shleifer (2003) ‘Who Owns the Media?’, Journal of Law & Economics 46: 341-381.
- Ellis, I.O. (2003) ’Politisk kunnskap blant norske velgere’ [Political knowledge among Norwegian voters], in Aardal, B. (ed.) Velgere i villrede. En analyse av stortingsvalget 2001 [Perplexed voters. An analysis of the 2001 Storting election] Oslo: Dam.
- Fallows, J. (1996) Breaking the News. How the Media Undermine American Democracy. New York: Pantheon.
- Gallagher, C.A. (2003) ‘Miscounting Race: Explaining Whites’ Misperceptions of Racial Group Size’, Sociological Perspectives 46: 381-396.
- Goldstein, H. (2003) Multilevel Statistical Models. London: Arnold.
- Hallin, D.C. and P. Mancini (2004) Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hamilton, J. (2004) All the News that’s fit to Sell. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Holtz-Bacha, C. and P. Norris (2001) ‘“To Entertain, Inform, and Educate”: Still the Role of Public Television’, Political Communication 18: 123-140.
- Howard, M.M., J.L. Gibson, and D. Stolle (2005) The U.S. Citizenship, Involvement, Democracy Survey. Georgetown University: Center for Democracy and Civil Society (CDACS)
- Inglehart, R. (1970) ‘Cognitive Mobilization and European Identity’, Comparative Politics, 3: 45-70.
- Inglehart, R. (1977) The Silent Revolution. Changing Values and Political Styles among the Western Publics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Inglehart, R. (1990) Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Iyengar, S., K.S. Hahn, H. Bonfidelli and M. Marr (2009) ‘Dark Areas of Ignorance’ Revisited: Comparing International Affairs Knowledge in Switzerland and California’, Communication Research 36: 341-58.
- Luskin, R.C. (1990) ‘Explaining Political Sophistication’, Political Behavior 12: 331-361
- Milner, H. (2002) Civic Literacy. How Informed Citizens make Democracy Work. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
- Mutz, D.C. and B. Reeves (2005) ‘The New Videomalaise: Effects of Televised Incivility on Political Trust’, American Political Science Review 99: 1-15.
- Nadeau, R., R.G. Niemi, and J. Levine (1993) ‘Innumeracy about Minority Populations’, Public Opinion Quarterly 57: 332-347.
- Nadeau, R. and R.G. Niemi. (1995) ‘Educated Guesses – the Process of Answering Factual Knowledge Questions in Surveys’, Public Opinion Quarterly 59: 323-346.
- National Research Council (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
- Newton, K. (1999) ‘Politics and the News Media: Mobilization or Media Malaise?’, British Journal of Political Science 29: 577–599.
- Norris, P. (1996) ‘Does Television Erode Social Capital? A Reply to Putnam’, PS: Political Science & Politics 29: 474-480.
- Norris, P. (2000) A Virtuous Circle. Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Norris, P. (2005) Radical Right. Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- OECD (2005) ‘Database on Immigrants and Expatriates’, Retrieved 2006/12/15/, (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls).
- OECD (2007) OECD Factbook 2007, Retrieved 15.11. 2007, (http://puck.sourceoecd.org/pdf//fact2007pdf//12-02-01.pdf).
- Patterson, T.E. (1993) Out of Order. New York: Vintage.
- Patterson. T.E. (2002) The Vanishing Voter: Public Involvement in an Age of Uncertainty. New York: Knopf.
- Pettigrew, T.F. (1998) ‘Reactions toward the New Minorities of Western Europe’, Annual Review of Sociology 24: 77-103.
- Postman, N. (1985) Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York: Viking.
- Prior, M. (2005) ‘New vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout’, American Journal of Political Science 49: 577-592.
- Putnam, R. (1995) ‘Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America’, PS: Political Science & Politics 27: 664-683.
- Rasbash, J., F. Steele and W. Browne (2003) A User’s Guide to MLwiN Version 2.0. Documentation version 2.1e. London: Institute of Education, University of London.
- Raudenbush, S.W. and A.S. Bryk (2002) Hierarchical Linear Models. Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Robinson, M.J. (1976) ‘Public Affairs Television and the Growth of Political Malaise: The Case of ‘The Selling of Pentagon’’, American Political Science Review 70: 409-432.
- Roggeband, C. and R. Vliegenthart (2007) ‘Divergent Framing: The Public Debate on Migration in the Dutch Parliament and Media, 1995-2004’, West European Politics 30: 524-548
- Schudson, M. (1995) The Power of News. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Semetko, H.A. (2000) ‘Great Britain: The End of News at Ten and the Changing News Environment’, in Gunther, R. & A. Mughan (eds.) Democracy and the Media. A Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Semyonov, M., R. Raijman, A.Y. Tov and P. Schmidt (2004) ‘Population Size, Perceived Threat, and Exclusion: A Multiple-indicators Analysis of Attitudes toward Foreigners in Germany’, Social Science Research 33: 681-701.
- Sides, J.M. and J. Citrin (2007) ‘European Opinion about Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests, and Information’, British Journal of Political Science 37: 477-504.
- Sigelman, L. and R.G. Niemi (2001) ‘Innumeracy about Minority Populations – African Americans and Whites Compared’, Public Opinion Quarterly 65: 86-94.
- Statistics Norway (2009) ‘Temaside for innvandring’, [Topic page about immigration] Retrieved 28.1.2009, http://www.ssb.no/innvandring/
- Strabac, Zan (2007) Ethnic Attitudes in Contemporary European Societies, PhD Thesis, Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology: Department of Sociology and Political Science.
- Strømsnes, K. (2003) Folkets makt. Medborgerskap, demokrati, deltakelse. [The peoples power. Citizenship, democracy and participation.] Oslo: Gyldendal.
- The Council of Europe (2003) The Demographic Characteristics of Immigrant Populations. Strasbourg: The Council of Europe Publishing.