Conceptualising patterns of spatial flows: Five decades of advances in the definition and use of functional regions
By: Pavel Klapka and Marián Halás

References
- ABLER, R., ADAMS, J. S., GOULD, P. (1972): Spatial organization: The geographer’s view of the world. London, Prentice Hall.
- ALONSO, M. P., BEAMONTE, A., GARGALLO, P., SALVADOR, M. (2015): Local labour markets delineation: an approach based on evolutionary algorithms and classification methods. Journal of Applied Statistics, 42(5): 1043-1063.
- BALL, R. M. (1980): The use and definition of travel-to-work areas in Great Britain: some problems. Regional Studies, 14(2): 125-139.
- BAUMANN, J. H., FISCHER, M. M., SCHUBERT, U. (1983): A multiregional labour supply model for Austria: the effects of different regionalisations in multiregional labour market modelling. Papers in Regional Science, 52(1): 53-83.
- BERRY, B. J. L. (1968): A synthesis of formal and functional regions using a general field theory of spatial behaviour. In: Berry, B. J. L, Marble, D. F. [eds.]: Spatial Analysis (pp. 419-428). Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall.
- BERRY, B. J. L. (1973): Growth centres in the American urban system. Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger.
- BEZÁK, A. (2000): Funkčné mestské regióny na Slovensku. Geographia Slovaca 15, Bratislava, Geografický ústav SAV.
- BEZDEK, J. C., EHRLICH, R., FULL, W. (1984): FCM: The fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Computers & Geosciences, 10(2): 191-203.
- BHASKAR, R. (1998): The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences, Third edition. London and New York, Routledge.
- BLOMMESTEIN, H., NIJKAMP, P., VAN VEENENDAAL, W. (1980): Shopping Perceptions and Preferences: A Multidimensional Attractiveness Analysis of Consumer and Entrepreneurial Attitudes. Economic Geography, 56(2): 155-174.
- BROWN, L. A., HOLMES, J. (1971): The delimitation of functional regions, nodal regions, and hierarchies by functional distance approaches. Journal of Regional Science, 11(1): 57-72.
- BRUSH, J. E. (1953): The hierarchy of central places in Wisconsin. Geographical Review, 53(3): 380-402.
- CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M. (2000): Local labour market areas in Spain: a case study. Regional Studies, 34(9): 843-856.
- CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M., COOMBES, M. (2011): The delineation of 21st century local labour markets areas: a critical review and a research agenda. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 57: 7-32.
- CHRISTALLER, W. (1933): Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland. Jena, Gustav Fischer.
- COOMBES, M. (2010): Defining labour market areas by analysing commuting data: innovative methods in the 2007 review of Travel-to-Work Areas. In: Stillwell, J., et al. [eds.]: Technologies for migration and commuting analysis: spatial interaction data applications (pp. 227- 241). Hershey, IGI Global.
- COOMBES, M. G. (2000): Defining locality boundaries with synthetic data. Environment and Planning A, 32(8): 1499-1518.
- COOMBES, M. G., BOND, S. (2008): Travel-to-Work Areas: the 2007 review. London, Office for National Statistics.
- COOMBES, M. G., DIXON, J. S., GODDARD, J. B., OPENSHAW, S., TAYLOR, P. J. (1982): Functional regions for the population census of Great Britain. In: Herbert, D. T., Johnston, R. J. [eds.]: Geography and the Urban Environment. Progress in Research and Applications 5 (pp. 63-112). Chichester, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
- COOMBES, M. G., DIXON, J. S., GODDARD, J. B., OPENSHAW, S., TAYLOR, P. J. (1979): Daily urban systems in Britain: from theory to practice. Environment and Planning A, 11(5): 565-574.
- COOMBES, M. G., GREEN, A. E., OPENSHAW, S. (1986): An Efficient Algorithm to Generate Official Statistical Reporting Areas: The Case of the 1984 Travel-to-Work Areas Revision in Britain. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 37(10): 943-953.
- COOMBES, M. G., OPENSHAW, S. (1982): The use and definition of travel-to-work areas in Great Britain: some comments. Regional Studies, 16(2): 141-149.
- CÖRVERS, F., HENSEN, M., BONGAERTS, D. (2009): Delimitation and coherence of functional and administrative regions. Regional Studies, 43(1): 19-31.
- DICKINSON, R. E. (1930): The regional functions and zones of influence of Leeds and Bradford. Geography, 15(7): 548-557.
- DIJST, M., FARAG, S., SCHWANEN, T. (2008): A comparative study of attitude theory and other theoretical models for understanding travel behaviour. Environment and Planning A, 40(4): 831-847.
- DROBNE, S., BOGATAJ, M. (2012): A method to define the number of functional regions: An application to NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 levels in Slovenia. Geodetski vestnik, 56(1): 105-150.
- DROBNE, S., KONJAR, M., LISEC, A. (2010): Razmejitev funkcionalnih regij Slovenije na podlagi analize trga dela. Geodetski vestnik, 54(3): 481-500.
- DZIEWOŃSKI, K. (1967): Concepts and terms in the field of economic regionalization. In: Macka, M. [ed.]: Economic regionalization (pp. 25-36). Praha, Academia.
- FARMER, C. J. Q., FOTHERINGHAM, A. S. (2011): Network-based functional regions. Environment and Planning A, 43(11): 2723-2741.
- FENG, Z. (2009): Fuzziness of Travel to Work Areas. Regional Studies, 43(5): 707-720.
- FERIA, J. M., CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M., MARTÍNEZBERNABÉU, L. (2015): Inside the metropolis: the articulation of Spanish metropolitan areas into local labor markets. Urban Geography, 36(7): 1018-1041.
- FISCHER, M. M., ESSLETZBICHLER, J., GASSLER, H., TRICHTL, G. (1993): Telephone communication patterns in Austria: a comparison of the IPFP-based graphtheoretic and the Intramax approaches. Geographical Analysis, 25(3): 224-233.
- FLÓREZ-REVUELTA, F., CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M., MARTÍNEZBERNABEU, L. (2008): An evolutionary approach to the delineation of functional areas based on travel-towork flows. International Journal of Automation and Computing, 5(1): 10-21.
- FOTHERINGHAM, A. S., WONG, D. W. S. (1991): The modifiable areal unit problem in multivariate statistical analysis. Environment and Planning A, 23(7): 1025-1044.
- GIDDENS, A. (1984): The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge, Polity.
- GOLLEDGE, R. G., STIMPSON, R. J. (1997): Spatial behavior: a geographical perspective. New York-London, The Guildford Press.
- GOODMAN, J. F. B. (1970): The definition and analysis of local labour markets: some empirical problems. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 8(2): 179-196.
- GREER-WOOTTEN, B., GILMOUR, G. M. (1972): Distance and Directional Bias in Migration Patterns in Depreciating Metropolitan Areas. Geographical Analysis, 4(1): 92-97.
- GRIGG, D. (1967): Regions, models, and classes. In: Chorley, R. J., Haggett, P. [eds.]: Models in Geography (pp. 461- 509). London, Methuen.
- GRUCHOCIAK, H. (2012): Delimitacja lokalnych rynków pracy v Polsce, Przegląd statystyczny. Numer specjalny, 2: 277-297.
- HAGGETT, P. (1965): Locational Analysis in Human Geography. London, Arnold.
- HAGGETT, P. (2008): The spirit of quantitative geography. Geographical Analysis, 40(3): 226-228.
- HALÁS, M., KLADIVO, P., ŠIMÁČEK, P., MINTÁLOVÁ, T. (2010): Delimitation of micro-regions in the Czech Republic by nodal relations. Moravian Geographical Reports, 18(2): 16-22.
- HALÁS, M., KLAPKA, P., BEDNÁŘ, M., TONEV, P. (2015): An alternative definition and use for the constraint function for rule-based methods of functional regionalisation. Environment and Planning A, 47(5): 1175-1191.
- HALÁS, M., KLAPKA, P., BLEHA, B., BEDNÁŘ, M. (2014): Funkčné regióny na Slovensku podľa denných tokov do zamestnania. Geografický časopis, 66(2): 89-114.
- HALL, P. (1974): The containment of urban England. Geographical Journal, 140(3): 386-408.
- HALL, P., HAY, D. (1980): Growth centres in the European urban system. London, Heinemann Educational Books.
- HAYNES, R., LOVETT, A., SÜNNENBERG, G. (2003): Potential accessibility, travel time, and consumer choice: geographical variations in general medical practice registrations in eastern England. Environment and Planning A, 35(10): 1733-1750.
- HIRST, M. A. (1977): Hierarchical aggregation procedures for interaction data: a comment. Environment and Planning A, 9(1): 99-103.
- HOLMES, J. H., HAGGETT, P. (1977): Graph theory interpretation of flow matrices: a note on maximization procedures for identifying significant links. Geographical Analysis, 9(4): 388-399.
- ISARD, W. (1956): Regional science, the concept of region, and regional structure. Papers in Regional Science, 2(1): 13-26.
- JOHNSTON, R. (2008): Quantitative Human Geography: Are We Turning Full Circle? Geographical Analysis, 40(3): 332-335.
- JOHNSTON, R. J., ROSSITER, D. J. (1981): An approach to the delimitation of planning regions. Applied Geography 1(1): 55-69.
- KARLSSON, C., OLSSON, M. (2006): The identification of functional regions: theory, methods, and applications. The Annals of Regional Science, 40(1): 1-18.
- KEANE, M. J. (1978): A functional distance approach to regionalization. Regional Studies, 12(3): 379-386.
- KILLER, V., AXHAUSEN, K. W. (2011): Understanding overlapping functional commuting regions with confidence ellipses and social network methods. Working Papers Traffic and Spatial Planning, 714, Zurich, IVT, ETH Zurich.
- KLAPKA, P., HALÁS, M., ERLEBACH, M., TONEV, P., BEDNÁŘ, M. (2014): A multistage agglomerative approach for defining functional regions of the Czech Republic: the use of 2001 commuting data. Moravian Geographical Reports, 22(4): 2-13.
- KLAPKA, P., HALÁS, M., TONEV, P. (2013a): Functional regions: concept and types. In 16th International Colloquium on Regional Sciences, Conference Proceedings (pp. 94-101). Brno, Masaryk University.
- KLAPKA, P., HALÁS, M., TONEV, P., BEDNÁŘ, M. (2013b): Functional regions of the Czech Republic: comparison of simple and advanced methods of regional taxonomy. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, Facultas Rerum Naturalium, Geographica, 44(1): 45-57.
- KROPP, P., SCHWENGLER, B. (2016): Three-Step Method for Delineating Functional Labour Market Regions. Regional Studies, 50(3): 429-445.
- KWAN, M. P. (1998): Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: a comparative analysis using a point-based framework. Geographical analysis, 30(3): 191-216.
- KWAN, M. P., MURRAY, A. T., O'KELLY, M. E., TIEFELSDORF, M. (2003): Recent advances in accessibility research: Representation, methodology and applications. Journal of Geographical Systems 5(1): 129-138.
- LANDRÉ, M. (2012): Geoprocessing journey-to-work data: delineating commuting regions in Dalarna, Sweden. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 1(3): 294-314.
- LANDRÉ, M., HÅKANSSON, J. (2013): Rule versus interaction function: evaluating regional aggregations of commuting flows in Sweden. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 13(1): 1-19.
- LENNTORP, B. (1976): Paths in Space-Time Environments. A Time-Geographic Study of Movement Possibilities of Individuals. Lund Studies in Geography, Series B, 44. Lund, Royal University of Lund.
- LÖSCH, A. (1940): Die räumliche Ordnung der Wirtschaft. Eine Untersuchung über Standort, Wirtschaftsgebiete und internationalem Handel. Jena, Gustav Fischer.
- MACKA, M. [ed.] (1967): Economic Regionalisation. Praha, Academia.
- MARTÍNEZ-BERNABEU, L., FLÓREZ-REVUELTA, F., CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M. (2012): Grouping genetic operators for the delineation of functional areas based on spatial interaction. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(8): 6754-6766.
- MASSER, I., BROWN, P. J. B. (1975): Hierarchical aggregation procedures for interaction data. Environment and Planning A, 7(5): 509-523.
- MASSER, I., SCHEURWATER J. (1978): The specification of multi-level systems for spatial analysis. In: Masser, I., Brown, P. J. B. [eds.]: Spatial representation and spatial interaction (pp. 151-172). Studies in Applied Regional Science, 10, Leiden-Boston, Martinus Nijhoff.
- MASSER, I., SCHEURWATER J. (1980): Functional regionalisation of spatial interaction data: an evaluation of some suggested strategies. Environment and Planning A, 12(12): 1357-1382.
- MITCHELL, W. F., WATTS, M. J. (2010): Identifying functional regions in Australia using hierarchical aggregate techniques. Geographical Research, 48(1): 24-41.
- MORRILL, R. L. (1970): The Spatial Organization of Society. Belmont, Wadsworth Publishing Company.
- MORRILL, R. L. (1974): The Spatial Organization of Society. 2nd edition. North Scituate, Duxbury Press.
- MURPHY, A. B. (1991): Regions as Social Construct: The Gap between Theory and Practice. Progress in Human Geography, 15(1): 23-35.
- NEL, J. H., KRYGSMAN, S. C., DE JONG, T. (2008): The identification of possible future provincial boundaries for South Africa based on an intramax analysis of journeyto- work data. ORiON, 24(2): 131-156.
- NEWELL, J. O., PERRY, M. (2005): Explaining continuity in New Zealand’s local labour market areas 1991 to 2001. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, 11(2): 155-174.
- NYSTUEN, J. D., DACEY, M. F. (1961): A graph theory interpretation of nodal regions. Regional Science Association, Papers and Proceedings, 7(1): 29-42.
- OPENSHAW, S. (1984): The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. CATMOG 38. Norwich, GeoBooks.
- PAASI, A. (1991): Deconstructing regions: notes on the scales of spatial life. Environment and Planning A, 23(2): 239-256.
- PAPPS, K. L., NEWELL, J. O. (2002): Identifying functional labour market areas in New Zealand: a reconnaissance study using travel-to-work data. Discussion Paper 443. Bonn, Institute for the Study of Labor.
- PERSYN, D., TORFS, W. (2011): Functional labour markets in Belgium: evolution over time and intersectoral comparison. In: Discussion Paper 17 (pp. 1-17). Vlaams Instituut voor Economie en Samenleving. Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit.
- PHILBRICK, A. K. (1957): Principles of areal functional organization in regional human geography. Economic Geography, 33(4): 299-336.
- PLATT, R. S. (1928): A detail of regional geography: Ellison Bay, community as an industrial organism. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 18(2): 81-126.
- PRED, A. (1977): The Choreography of Existence: Comments on Hägerstrand´s Time-geography and its Usefulness. Economic Geography, 53(2): 207-221.
- ROBINSON, G. W. S. (1953). The geographical region: form and function. The Scottish Geographical Magazine, 69(2): 49-58.
- SFORZI, F. [ed.] (1997): I sistemi locali del lavoro. 1991. Roma, Istat.
- SLATER, P. B. (1976): A hierarchical regionalization of Japanese prefectures using 1972 interprefectural migration flows. Regional Studies, 10(1): 123-132.
- SMART, M. W. (1974): Labour market areas: uses and definition. Progress in Planning, 2(4): 239-353.
- SYMANSKI, R., NEWMAN, J. L. (1973): Formal, functional and nodal regions: three fallacies. Professional Geographer, 25(4): 350-352.
- TAYLOR, P. J. (1991): A theory and practice of regions: the case of Europes. Environment and Planning D, 9(2): 183-195.
- TERLOUW, K. (2001): Regions in geography and the regional geography of semiperipheral development. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 92(1): 76-87.
- TIMMERMANS, H., ARENTZE, T., JOH, C.-H. (2002) Analysing space-time behaviour: new approaches to old problems. Progress in Human Geography, 26(2): 175-190.
- TOBLER, W. (1970): A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, 46, Supplement: Proceedings. International Geographical Union, Commission on quantitative methods: 234-240.
- ULLMAN, E. (1980): Geography as spatial interaction. Washington, University of Washington Press.
- UNWIN, D. J. (1996): GIS, spatial analysis and spatial statistics. Progress in Human Geography, 20(4): 540-551.
- VAN DER LAAN, L., SCHALKE, R. (2001): Reality versus policy: the delineation and testing of local Labour Market and Spatial Policy Areas. European Planning Studies, 9(2): 201-221.
- WARD, J. H. (1963): Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301): 236-244.
- WATTS, M. (2004): Local labour markets in New South Wales: fact or fiction? Centre of Full Employment and Equity, Working Paper 04-12. Callaghan, the University of Newcastle, Australia.
- WATTS, M. (2009): Rules versus hierarchy: an application of fuzzy set theory to the assessment of spatial grouping techniques. In: Kolehmainen, M., et al. [eds.]: Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5495 (pp. 517-526). Berlin- Heidelberg, Springer.
- WATTS, M. (2013): Assessing different spatial grouping algorithms: an application to the design of Australia's new statistical geography. Spatial Economic Analysis, 8(1): 92-112.
- WILSON, A. (1969): Notes on some concepts in social physics. Regional Science Association, Papers, 22(1): 159-193.
- YANG, M. S. (1993): A survey of fuzzy clustering. Mathematical and Computer modelling, 18(11): 1-16.
- ZIPF, G. K. (1949): Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Cambridge, Mass., Addison-Wesley Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0006 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6202 (formerly 1210-8812) | Journal ISSN: 1210-8812
Language: English
Page range: 2 - 11
Submitted on: Jan 8, 2016
Accepted on: May 6, 2016
Published on: Jul 8, 2016
Published by: Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geonics
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2016 Pavel Klapka, Marián Halás, published by Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geonics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.