Non-Military Intervention Through Sanctions
References
- [1] Стоилова, В., Хуманитарна интервенция: право на интервенция или практика, Сборник от Годишна научна конференция „Европейското бъдеще на България. Правни аспекти”, София, 2013 г.
- [2] Белова, Г., Конфликтите - международноправни аспекти, Сиела, С., 2007, стр. 79; See: United Nations, Office of the Spokesman for the Secretary-General. "Use of Sanctions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter"
- [3] Александров, Е., Речник по международни отношения, Тракия-М, С., 2001, стр. 356
- [4] UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960
- [5] International Court of Justice Pleadings, Oral arguments, Documents legal consequences for States of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) Volume 1 Request for Advisory Opinion, Documents, Written Statements, The Hague, 1971 http://www.icjcij.org/docket/files/53/9361.pdf
- [6] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 204 (XX) of 11 November 1965; UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 216 (1965) [Southern Rhodesia], 12 November 1965, S/RES/216 (1965)
- [7] The first United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) was established in 1988 and was transformed in 1991 into UNAVEM-2
- [8] The Harare Commonwealth Declaration, 1991 (Issued by Heads of Government in Harare, Zimbabwe). See: http://thecommonwealth.org/sites/default/files/historyitems/documents/Harare%20Commonwealth%20Declaration%201991.pdf
- [9] Simons, G. L., Imposing Economic Sanctions: Legal Remedy or Genocidal Tool?, Pluto Press, London, 1999; See: Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, Kimberly Ann Elliott, Barbara Oegg, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3d ed., PPeter G. Peterson Institute for International Economic, 2007
- [10] The Security Council Sanctions Committee established pursuant to resolution 2127 (2013) concerning the Central African Republic (CAR) was created on 5 December 2013 to oversee the relevant sanctions measure (arms embargo) and to undertake the tasks set out by the Security Council in paragraph 57 of the same resolution. See: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2127%282013%29
- [11] Council Regulation (EU) No 224/2014 of 10 March 2014 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in the Central African Republic. See: http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/BG/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014R0224
- [12] In recent years, the EU has often imposed sanctions (restrictive measures) either on its own or in compliance with binding UN Security Council resolutions. Restrictive measures imposed by the EU may target third country governments or non-state entities and individuals (such as terrorist groups and terrorists). These may include arms embargoes, other specific or general trade restrictions (import and export bans), financial restrictions, access restrictions (visas or travel bans) or other appropriate measures.
- [13] Design аnd Implementation оf Arms Embargoes аnd Travel аnd Aviation Related Sanctions Results оf the ‘Bonn-Berlin Process ’Bonn International Center for Conversion in cooperation with the Auswärtiges Amt (German Foreign Office) and the United Nations Secretariat, Bonn 2001
- [14] Smart sanctions are a new scheme for the implementation of an economic embargo introduced by the United States in 2001 and directed against the regime of Saddam Hussein. They were legalized on May 14, 2002, when Iraq officially became part of the "axis of evil" announced by George Bush. See: Kostov, V., The Wars of Saddam, Trud, S., 2010, p. 257
- [15] Eyler, R., Economic Sanctions. International Policy and Political Economy at Work, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, pp. 60 - 62
- [16] Kerr, W. A., Gaisford, J. D., Handbook on International Trade Policy, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007, p. 516; See: Hufbauer, G. C., Oegg, B., Targeted Sanctions: A Policy Alternative? Paper for a symposium on "Sanctions Reform? Evaluating the Economic Weapon in Asia and the World": Available at: https://piie.com/commentary/speechespapers/targeted-sanctions-policy-alternative
- [17] Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, Kimberly Ann Elliott, Barbara Oegg, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3d ed., Peter G. Peterson, Institute for International Economics, Washington,2007, pp. 138 - 139
- [18] Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Supplement to аn Agenda for Peace: Position Paper оf the Secretary-General оn the Occasion оf the Fiftieth Anniversary оf the United Nations, 3.01.1995, paras. 66-76. See: www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/50/plenary/a50-60.htm
- [19] The term "war crimes" and its criminal-law characteristics are regulated in the Statute of the International Military Court in Nuremberg. By virtue of this Statute, war crimes are: "a violation of laws or customs of war". These include: murders and torture of prisoners of war or hostages; Pillage of public or private property, etc.
- [20] United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property General Assembly resolution 59/38 of 2 December 2004. See: http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/4_1_2004_resolution.pdf
- [21] Geoffrey Robertson, Crimes against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice (London: Penguin, 1999), p. 398.
- [22] UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 955 (1994) [Establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda], 8 November 1994, S/RES/955 (1994), available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f2742c.html [accessed 21 April 2017]
- [23] Max L. Rettig,Transnational Trials as Transitional Justice: Lessons from the Trial of Two Rwandan Nuns in Belgium, 11 Wash. U. GlobalStud. L. Rev. 365 (2012)
- [24] Каменова, Ц., Универсална юрисдикция. Сравнително правно изследване, Научни трудове на ИПН, том ІV, 2009 г.; See: Каменова, Ц., Относно Резолюцията за универсална юрисдикция на Института по международно право, Сп. „Правна мисъл”, бр. 3/2009 г., с. 54 - 62.
- [25] Solis, Gary D., The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 306; See: Henry A. Kissinger, "The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction," Foreign Affairs 80, no. 4 (July-August 2001), pp. 86-87.`
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0049 | Journal eISSN: 2451-3113
Language: English
Page range: 298 - 304
Published on: Jul 20, 2017
Published by: Nicolae Balcescu Land Forces Academy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 3 issues per year
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© 2017 Veronika Stoilova, published by Nicolae Balcescu Land Forces Academy
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