References
- 1. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD. 2016. Goldcopd.org.
- 2. Barnes PJ, Shapiro SD, Pauwels RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(4):672-688.10.1183/09031936.03.00040703
- 3. Hogg JC. Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in COPD. Lancet. 2004;364:709-721.10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16900-6
- 4. Holguin F, Folch E, Redd SC, Mannino DM. Comorbidity and mortality in COPD-related hospitalizations in the United States, 1979 to 2001. Chest. 2005;128:2005-2011.10.1378/chest.128.4.200516236848
- 5. Garcia-Rio F, Miravitlles M, Soriano JB, et al. Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based study. Respir Res. 2010;11:63.10.1186/1465-9921-11-63289167720500811
- 6. Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, et al. Susceptibility to Exacerbation in COPD, ECLIPSE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1128-1138.10.1056/NEJMoa090988320843247
- 7. Hurst JR, Wedzicha JA. The biology of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Clin Chest Med. 2007;28:525-536.10.1016/j.ccm.2007.05.00317720041
- 8. Miravitlles M, Kruesmann F, Haverstock D, Perroncel R, Choudhri SH, Arvis P. Sputum colour and bacteria in chronic bronchitis exacerbations. Eur Respir J. 2012;39:1354-1360.10.1183/09031936.0004211122034649
- 9. Liesker JJ, Bathoorn E, Postma DS et al. Sputum inflammation predicts exacerbations after cessation of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD. Respir Med. 2011;105:1853-1860.10.1016/j.rmed.2011.07.00221802933
- 10. Agusti A, Sin DD. Biomarkers in COPD. Clin Chest Med. 2014;35:131-141.10.1016/j.ccm.2013.09.00624507841
- 11. Koutsokera A, Kostikas K, Nicod LP, Fitting JW. Pulmonary biomarkers in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review. Respir Res. 2013;14:111.10.1186/1465-9921-14-111401498924143945
- 12. Barnes P, Chowdhury B, Kharitonov S, et al. Pulmonary biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(1):6-14.10.1164/rccm.200510-1659PP16556692
- 13. Sethi S, Muscarella K, Evans N, Klingman KL, Grant BJ, Murphy TF. Airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 2000;118:1557-1565.10.1378/chest.118.6.155711115440
- 14. M Cazzola, G Novelli. Biomarkers in COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2010;23(6):493-500.10.1016/j.pupt.2010.05.00120471487
- 15. PM Ridker. CRP, Fibrinogen, and Cardiovascular Disease Prediction Among Those at Intermediate RiskMoving an Inflammatory Hypothesis Consensus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(21):2129-2138.10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.05217531663
- 16. Piehl-Aulin K, Jones I, Lindvall B, Magnuson A, Abdel-Halim SM. Increased serum inflammatory markers in the absence of clinical and skeletal muscle inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 2009;78(2):191-196.10.1159/00020779319270439
- 17. Kanazawa H, Asai K, Nomura S. Vascular endothelial growth factor as a non-invasive marker of pulmonary vascular remodeling in patients with bronchitis-type of COPD. Respir Res. 2007;8(1):22.10.1186/1465-9921-8-22182805317343763
- 18. Valipour A, Schreder M, Wolzt M, et al. Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and systemic inflammatory markers in stable and exacerbated COPD. Clin Sci. 2008:115(7):225-232.10.1042/CS2007038218307413
- 19. Brekke PH, Omland T, Holmedal SH, et al. Troponin T elevation and long-term mortality after chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Eur Respir J. 2008;31:563-570.10.1183/09031936.0001580718032444
- 20. Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity index in COPD. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(10):1005-12.10.1056/NEJMoa02132214999112
- 21. Devaraj S, Singh U, Jialal I. The evolving role of CRP in atherothrombosis. Clin Chem. 2009;55:229-238.10.1373/clinchem.2008.108886266284619095731
- 22. Pinto-Plata VM, Müllerova H, Toso JF, et al. C-reactive protein in patients with COPD, control smokers and non-smokers. Thorax. 2006;61:23-28.10.1136/thx.2005.042200208071416143583
- 23. Shaaban R, Kony S, Driss F, et al. Change in Creactive protein levels and FEV1 decline: a longitudinal population-based study. Respir Med. 2006;100(12):2112-2120.10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.02716650972
- 24. Donaldson GC. C-reactive Protein: does it predict mortality? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(3):209-210.10.1164/rccm.200610-1565ED17234909
- 25. Aksu F, Çapan N, Aksu K, et al. C-reactive protein levels are raised in stable COPD patients independent of smoking behavior and biomass exposure. J Thorac Dis. 2013;5(4):414-421.
- 26. Higashimoto Y, Iwata T, Okada M, Satoh H, Fukuda K, Tohda Y. Serum biomarkers as predictors of lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2009;103(8):1231-1238.10.1016/j.rmed.2009.01.02119249197
- 27. Man SF, Connett JE, Anthonisen NR, et al. C-reactive protein and mortality in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2006;61:849-853.10.1136/thx.2006.059808210475516738034
- 28. Shaker SB, von Wachenfeldt KA, Larsson S, et al. (2008), Identification of patients with COPD by measurement of plasma biomarkers. Clin Respir J. 2008;2(1):17-25.10.1111/j.1752-699X.2007.00032.x20298300
- 29. Sin DD, Man SF, Marciniuk DD, et al. The effects of fluticasone with or without salmeterol on systemic biomarkers of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:1207-1214.10.1164/rccm.200709-1356OC18310480
- 30. Groenewegen KH, Postma DS, Hop WC, Wielders PL, Schlösser NJ, Wouters EF. COSMIC Study Group. Increased systemic inflammation is a risk factor for COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2008;133:350-357.10.1378/chest.07-134218198263
- 31. Dahl M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Vestbo J, Lange P, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated plasma fibrinogen associated with reduced pulmonary function and increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1008-1011.10.1164/ajrccm.164.6.201006711587987
- 32. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Patel IS, et al. Airway and systemic inflammation and decline in lung function in COPD. Chest. 2005;128(4):1995-2004.10.1378/chest.128.4.1995717240516236847
- 33. Agusti A, Calverley PM, Celli B, et al. Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) investigators. Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort. Respir Res. 2010;11:122.10.1186/1465-9921-11-122
- 34. Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, et al. Blood eosinophils to direct corticosteroid treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:48-55.10.1164/rccm.201108-1553OC
- 35. Tokman S, Schuetz P, Bent S. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy for COPD exacerbations. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9(6):727-735.10.1586/eri.11.45
- 36. Afshari A, Harbarth S. Procalcitonin as diagnostic biomarker of sepsis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(5):382-384.10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70026-4
- 37. Soreng K, Levy HR. Procalcitonin: an Emerging Biomarker of Bacterial Sepsis. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 2011;33(22):171-178.10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2011.10.004
- 38. Valipour A, Schreder M, Wolzt M, et al. Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with stable and exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008;115(7):225-32.10.1042/CS2007038218307413
- 39. Crouch EC. Surfactant protein-D and pulmonary host defense. Respir Res. 2000;1(2):93-108.10.1186/rr195954911667972
- 40. Sin DD, Pahlavan PS, Man SF. Surfactant protein D: a lung specific biomarker in COPD? Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2008;2(2):65-74.10.1177/175346580808890319124360
- 41. 41.Vestbo J, Anderson W, Coxson HO, et al. Evaluation of COPD longitudinally to identify predictive surrogate end-points (ECLIPSE). Eur Respir J. 2008;31:869-873.10.1183/09031936.0011170718216052
- 42. Hodge S, Hodge G, Nairn J, et al. Increased airway granzyme B and perforin in current and ex-smoking COPD subjects. COPD. 2006;3(4):179-187.10.1080/1541255060097686817361498
- 43. Inoue Y, Kawayama T, Iwanaga T, et al. High plasma BNP levels in stable COPD without pulmonary hypertension or Cor pulmonale. Intern Med. 2009;48:503-512.10.2169/internalmedicine.48.170119336951
- 44. Stanescu D, Sanna A, Veriter C et al. Airways obstruction, chronic expectoration and rapid decline in FEV1 in smokers are associated with increased levels of sputum neutrophils. Thorax. 1996;51(3):267-271.10.1136/thx.51.3.26710906378779129
- 45. O’Donnell R, Breen D, Wilson S, Djukanovic R. Inflammatory cells in the airways in COPD. Thorax. 2006;61(5):448-454.10.1136/thx.2004.024463211119216648353
- 46. Dragonieri S, Tongoussouva O, Zanini A, Imperatori A, Spanevello A. Markers of airway inflammation in pulmonary diseases assessed by induced sputum. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2009;71(3):119-126.
- 47. Liesker JJ, Bathoorn E, Postma DS, Vonk JM, Timens W, Kerstjens HA. Sputum inflammation predicts exacerbations after cessation of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD. Respir Med. 2011;105(12):1853-1860.10.1016/j.rmed.2011.07.00221802933
- 48. Miravitlles M, Soler-Cataluna JJ, Calle M, Soriano JB. Treatment of COPD by clinical phenotypes: putting old evidence into clinical practice. Eur Respir J. 2013;41:1252-1256.10.1183/09031936.0011891223060631
- 49. Antus B, Barta I, Horvath I, Csiszer E. Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and treatment response in COPD patients with exacerbations. Respirology. 2010;15(3):472-477.10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01711.x20210889
- 50. Koczulla AR, Noeske S, Herr C, et al. Alpha-1 antitrypsin is elevated in exhaled breath condensate and serum in exacerbated COPD patients. Respir Med. 2012;106:120-126.10.1016/j.rmed.2011.06.01521872457
- 51. Carpagnano GE, Resta O, Foschino-Barbaro MP, et al. Exhaled interleukine-6 and 8-isoprostane in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect of carbocysteine lysine salt monohydrate (SCMC-Lys). Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;505(1-3):169-175.10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.10.00715556150
- 52. Goh F, Shaw JG, Savarimuthu Francis SM, et al. Personalizing and targeting therapy for COPD: the role of molecular/clinical biomarkers. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2013;7(6):593-605.10.1586/17476348.2013.84246824160750
- 53. Wu L, Ma L, Nicholson LF, Black PN. Advanced glycation end product and its receptor RAGE are increased in patients with COPD. Respire Med. 2011;105(3):329-336.10.1016/j.rmed.2010.11.00121112201
- 54. Lomas DA, Silverman EK, Edwards LD, et al. Evaluation of serum CC-16 as a biomarker for COPD in the ECLIPSE cohort. Thorax. 2008;63:1058-1063.10.1136/thx.2008.10257418757456
- 55. Pilette C, Godding V, Kiss R, et al. Reduced epithelial expression of secretory component in small airways correlates with airflow obstruction in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:185-194.10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.991213711208645
- 56. Stolz D, Christ-Crain M, Morgenthaler NG, et al. Copeptin, C-Reactive Protein, and Procalcitonin as Prognostic Biomarkers in Acute Exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2007;131(4):1058-1067.10.1378/chest.06-233617426210
- 57. Yoon HI, Li Y, Man SF, et al. The complex relationship of serum adiponectin to COPD outcomes COPD and adiponectin. Chest. 2012;142:893-899.10.1378/chest.11-217322207678
- 58. Nicholas BL, Skipp P, Barton S, et al. Identification of lipocalin and apolipoprotein A1 as biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:1049-1060.10.1164/rccm.200906-0857OC287444820110559
- 59. Stockley RA. Biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: confusing or useful? Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:163-177.
- 60. Shaw JG, Vaughan A, Dent AG, et al. Biomarkers of progression of COPD. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(11):1532-1547.