References
- 1. World Health Organisation, Cardiovascular disease (CVDs), 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/#
- 2. Oldridge N, Guyatt G, Jones N, et al. Effects on quality of life with comprehensive rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:1084-1089.10.1016/0002-9149(91)90870-Q
- 3. Fox KA, Birkhead J, Wilcox R, Knight C, Barth J. British Cardiac Society Working Group on the definition of myocardial infarction. Heart. 2004;90:603-609. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2004.038679.10.1136/hrt.2004.038679176825315145852
- 4. Choy SY, Mintz GS. What have we learned about plaque rupture in acute coronary syndromes? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2010;12:338-343. doi: 10.1007/s11886-010-0113-x.10.1007/s11886-010-0113-x20425160
- 5. Kajander OA, Pinilla-Echeverri N, Jolly SS, et al. Culprit plaque morphology in STEMI – an optical coherence tomography study: insights from the TOTAL-OCT substudy. EuroIntervention. 2016;12:716-723. doi: 10.4244/EIJV12I6A116.10.4244/EIJV12I6A11627542783
- 6. Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD. Pathology of the unstable plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:C13-C18. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.065.10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.06516631505
- 7. Lafont A. Basic aspects of plaque vulnerability. Heart. 2003;89:1262-1267.10.1136/heart.89.10.1262176789812975444
- 8. Cuesta J, Rivero F, Bastante T, Benedicto A, Diego G, Alfonso F. Sealing a ruptured non-culprit coronary plaque in a patient with acute myocardial infarction with bioresorbable vascular scaffolds. Rev Port Cardiol. 2015;34:213.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2014.08.029.10.1016/j.repc.2014.08.02925707734
- 9. Waxman S, Ishibashi F, Muller JE. Detection and Treatment of Vulnerable Plaques and Vulnerable Patients Novel Approaches to Prevention of Coronary Events. Circulation. 2006;114:2390-2411. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.540013.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.54001317130356
- 10. Mittal B, Mishra A, Srivastava A, Kumar S, Garg N. Matrix metalloproteinases in coronary artery disease. Adv Clin Chem. 2014;64:1-72.10.1016/B978-0-12-800263-6.00001-X24938016
- 11. Minamisawa M, Motoki H, Izawa A, et al. Comparison of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Outpatients With Prior Myocardial Infarction. Int Heart J. 2016;57:11-17. doi: 10.1536/ihj.15-197.10.1536/ihj.15-19726742699
- 12. Koening W, Karakas M, Zierer A, et al. Oxidized LDL and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Study. Clin Chem. 2011;57:1196-200. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.165134.10.1373/clinchem.2011.16513421697499
- 13. Chan DC, Watts GF. Apolipoproteins as markers and managers of coronary risk. QJ Med 2006;99:277-287. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcl027.10.1093/qjmed/hcl02716504986
- 14. Sreckovic B, Sreckovic VD, Soldatovic I, et al. Homocysteine is a marker for metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;pii:S1871-4021(16)30200-4. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.08.026. [Epub ahead of print]10.1016/j.dsx.2016.08.02627600468
- 15. Greco S, Zaccagnini G, Voellenkle C, Martelli F. microRNAs in ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J. 2016;18: E31-E36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suw012.
- 16. Madjid M, Willerson JT. Inflammatory markers in coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull. 2011;100:23-38. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldr043.10.1093/bmb/ldr04322010105
- 17. Hadi HA, Carr CS, Al Suwaidi J. Endothelial Dysfunction: Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Therapy, and Outcome. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2005;1:183-198.
- 18. Bentzon JF, Otsuka F, Virmani R, Falk E. Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture. Circ Res. 2014;114:1852-1866. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.302721.10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.30272124902970
- 19. Razzouk L, Fusaro M, Esquitin R. Novel biomarkers for risk stratification and identification of life-threatning cardiovascular disease: troponin and beyond. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2012;8:109-115.10.2174/157340312801784943340627022708908
- 20. Wang J, Balu N, Canton G, Yuan C. Imaging Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32:502-515. doi: 10.1002/jmri.22266.10.1002/jmri.22266293530920815049
- 21. Andreou I, Antoniadis AP, Shishido K, et al. How do we prevent the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque from rupturing? Insights from in vivo assessments of plaque, vascular remodeling, and local endothelial shear stress. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2015;20:261-275. doi: 10.1177/1074248414555005.10.1177/107424841455500525336461
- 22. Cordeiro MAS, Lima JAC. Atherosclerotic plaque characterization by multidetector row computed tomography angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:C40-C47. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.076.10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.07616631509
- 23. Hoffmann U, Moselewski F, Nieman K, et al. Noninvasive assessment of plaque morphology and composition in culprit and stable lesions in acute coronary syndrome and stable lesions in stable angina by multidetector computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1655-1662. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.041.10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.04116631006
- 24. Hodas R, Pop S, Opincariu D, et al. Correlations between severity of coronary lesions and epicardial fat volume in patients with coronary artery disease – a multislice CT based study. Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine. 2016;1:71-78. doi: 10.1515/jim-2016-0014.10.1515/jim-2016-0014
- 25. Zhou Y, Wei Y, Wang X, et al. Decreased adiponectin and increased inflammation expression in epicardial adipose tissue in coronary artery disease. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2011;10:2.10.1186/1475-2840-10-2303265821226932
- 26. Samady H, Eshtehardi P, McDaniel MC, et al. Coronary artery wall shear stress is associated with progression and transformation of atherosclerotic plaque and arterial remodeling in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2011;124:779-788. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.021824.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.02182421788584
- 27. Cecchi E, Giglioli C, Valente S, et al. Role of hemodynamic shear stress in cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2011;214:249-256. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.09.008.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.09.00820970139
- 28. Sinclair H, Bourantas C, Bagnall A, Mintz GS, Kunadian V. OCT for identification of Vulnerable Plaque in Acute Coronary Syndrome. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:198-209. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.12.005.10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.12.00525677892
- 29. Jaguszewski M, Klingenberg R, Landmesser U. Intracoronary Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Imaging for Detection of Lipid Content of Coronary Plaques: Current Experience and Future Perspectives. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep. 2013;6:426-430. doi: 10.1007/s12410-013-9224-2.10.1007/s12410-013-9224-2378404824098825
- 30. Ferrante G, Presbitero P, Whitbourn R, Barlis P. Current applications of optical coherence tomography for coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol. 2013;165:7-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.02.013.10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.02.01322405134
- 31. Motoyama S, Masayoshi S, Harigaya H, et al. Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.068.10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.06819555840
- 32. Maurovich-Horvat P, Schlett CL, Alkadhi H, et al. The napkin-ring sign indicates advanced atherosclerotic lesions in coronary CT angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:1243-1252. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.03.019.10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.03.01923236975
- 33. Maurovich-Horvat P, Hoffman U, Vorpahl M, Nakano M, Virmani R, Alkadhi H. The Napkin-Ring Sign: CT Signature of High-Risk Coronary Plaques? JACC Cardiovascular Imaging. 2010;3:440-444. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.02.003.10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.02.003
- 34. Benedek T, Gyöngyösi M, Benedek I. Multislice computed tomographic coronary angiography for quantitative assessment of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29:364-371. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.11.004.10.1016/j.cjca.2012.11.004
- 35. Batty JA, Subba S, Luke P, Gigi LWC, Sinclair H, Kunadian V. Intracoronary imaging in the detection of vulnerable plaques. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2016;18:28. doi: 10.1007/s11886-016-0705-1.10.1007/s11886-016-0705-1
- 36. Finn AV, Chandrashekhar Y, Narula J. Vulnerable plaques: from PROSPECT to prospects... JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:334-336. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.02.004.10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.02.004
- 37. Kataoka Y, John JS, Wolski K, et al. Larger lipid pools associate with features of plaque vulnerability on optical coherence tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(10_S). doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(13)61795-7.10.1016/S0735-1097(13)61795-7
- 38. Benedek T, Jako B, Benedek I. Plaque Quantification by Coronary CT and Intravascular Ultrasound Identifies a Low CT Density Core as a Marker of Plaque Instability in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Int Heart J. 2014;55:22-28.10.1536/ihj.13-21324463925
- 39. Oemrawsingh RM, Garcia-Garcia HM, van Geuns RJ, et al. Integrated Biomarker and Imaging Study 3 (IBIS-3) to assess the ability of rosuvastatin to decrease necrotic core in coronary arteries. EuroIntervention. 2016;12:734-739. doi: 10.4244/EIJV12I6A118.10.4244/EIJV12I6A11827542785
- 40. Thondapu V, Bourantas CV, Foin N, Jang IK, Serryus PW, Barlis P. Biomechanical stress in coronary atherosclerosis: emerging insights from computational modelling. Eur Hear J. 2016; pii:ehv689. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv689ehv689. [Epub ahead of print].
- 41. Wentzel JJ, Chatzizisis YS, Gijesen JH, Giannoglou GD, Feldman CL, Stone PH. Endothelial shear stress in the evolution of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and vascular remodeling: current understanding and remaining questions. Cardiovasc Res. 2012;96:234-243. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvs217.10.1093/cvr/cvs21722752349
- 42. Koskinas KC, Chatzizisis YS, Baker AB, Edelman ER, Stone PH, Feldman CL. The role of low shear stress in the conversion of atherosclerotic lesions form stable to unstable plaque. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2009;24:580-590. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e328331630b.10.1097/HCO.0b013e328331630b19809311
- 43. Yi Wang, Juhui Qiu, Shisui Luo, et al. High shear stress induces atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation through angiogenesis. Regen Biomater. 2016;3:257-267. doi: 10.1093/rb/rbw021.10.1093/rb/rbw021
- 44. Weis SM, Cheresh DA. Pathophysiological consequences of VEGF-induced vascular permeability. Nature. 2005;437:497-504. doi: 10.1038/nature03987.10.1038/nature03987
- 45. Norgaard BL, Leipsic J, Gaur S, et al. Diagnostic Performance of Noninvasive Fractional Flow Reserve Derived from Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Suspected Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:1145-1155. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.043.10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.043
- 46. Secchi F, Alì M, Faggiano E, et al. Fractional flow reserve based on computed tomography: an overview. Eur Heart J. 2016;18:E49-E56.10.1093/eurheartj/suw014
- 47. Nakazato R, Park HB, Gransar H, et al. Additive diagnostic value of atherosclerotic plaque characteristics to non-invasive FFR for identification of lesions causing ischaemia: results from a prospective international multicentre trial. EuroIntervention. 2016;12:473-481. doi: 10.4244/EIJY15M09_02.10.4244/EIJY15M09_02
- 48. Ahmadi A, Stone GW, Leipsic J, et al. Association of Coronary Stenosis and Plaque Morphology With Fractional Flow Reserve and Outcomes. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:350-357. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0263.10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0263
- 49. Bala G, Blykers A, Xavier C, et al. Targeting of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by 18F-labelled nanobodies for PET/CT imaging of inflamed atherosclerotic plaques. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17:1001-1008. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev346.10.1093/ehjci/jev346
- 50. Shah PK. Mechanisms of plaque and rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:15S-22S.10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02834-6
- 51. Kolodgie FD, Gold HK, Burke AP, et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2316-2325.10.1056/NEJMoa03565514668457
- 52. Davies MJ. Acute coronary thrombosis: the role of plaque disruption and its initiation and prevention. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:3-7.10.1093/eurheartj/16.suppl_L.38869011
- 53. Tu C, Ng TSC, Sohi H, et al. Receptor targeted Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Molecular MR imaging of inflamed Atherosclerotic Plaques. Biomaterials. 2011;32:7209-7216. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.026.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.026314841221742374
- 54. Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M, Pittet MJ. Imaging Macrophages with nanoparticles. Nature Materials. 2014;13:125-138. doi: 10.1038/nmat3780.10.1038/nmat378024452356
- 55. Cormode DP, Jarzyna PA, Mulder WJM, Fayad ZA. Modified natural nanoparticles as contrast agents for medical imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010;62:329-338. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.005.10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.005282766719900496
- 56. Cormode DP, Naha PC, Fayad ZA. Nanoparticle Contrast Agents for Computed Tomography: A Focus On Micelles. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2014;9:37-52. doi: 10.1002/cmmi.1551.10.1002/cmmi.1551390562824470293
- 57. von zur Muhlen C, Fink Petri A, Salaklang J, et al. Imaging monocytes with iron oxide nanoparticles targeted towards the monocyte integrin MAC-1 (CD11b/CD18) does not result in improved atherosclerotic plaque detection by in vivo MRI. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2010;5:268-275. doi: 10.1002/cmmi.384.10.1002/cmmi.38420973112
- 58. Tavakoli S, Vashist A, Sadeghi MM. Molecular Imaging of Plaque Vunerability. J Nuc Cardiol. 2014;21:1112-1128. doi: 10.1007/s12350-014-9959-4.10.1007/s12350-014-9959-4422944925124827