References
- 1. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of invasive mycoses in North America. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2010;36:1-53.
- 2. Lepak A, Andes D. Fungal sepsis: optimizing antifungal therapy in the critical care setting. Crit Care Clin. 2011;27:123-47.
- 3. Ullmann AJ, Cornely OA, Donnelly JP, et al. ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: developing European guidelines in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;Suppl 7:1-77.
- 4. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20:133-63.
- 5. Kollef M, Micek S, Hampton N, Doherty JA, Kumar A. Septic shock attributed to Candida infection: importance of empiric therapy and source control. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1739-46.
- 6. Delaloye J, Calandra T. Invasive candidiasis as a cause of sepsis in the critically ill patient. Virulence. 2014;5:161-9.
- 7. Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, et al. EPIC II Group of Investigators. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009;302:2323-9.
- 8. Marchetti O, Bille J, Fluckiger U, et al. Fungal Infection Network of Switzerland. Epidemiology of candidemia in Swiss tertiary care hospitals: secular trends, 1991-2000. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:311-20.
- 9. Méan M, Marchetti O, Calandra T. Bench to bedside review: Candida infections in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2008;12:204.
- 10. Guery BP, Arendrup MC, Auzinger G, et al. Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: Part I. Epidemiology and diagnosis. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:55-62.
- 11. Leroy O, Gangneux JP, Montravers P, et al. Epidemiology, management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in critical care: a multicenter, prospective, observational study in France (2005-2006). Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1612-8.
- 12. Falagas ME, Apostolou KE, Pappas VD. Attributable mortality of candidemia: a systematic review of matched cohort and casecontrol studies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;25:419-25.
- 13. Arendrup MC. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010;16:445-52.
- 14. Paramythiotou E, Frantzeskaki F, Flevari A, Armaganidis A, Dimopoulos G. Invasive fungal infections in the ICU: how to approach, how to treat. Molecules. 2014;19:1085-119.
- 15. Eggimann P, Bille J, Marchetti O. Diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in the ICU. Ann Intensive Care. 2011;1:37.
- 16. León C, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Schuster M. What’s new in the clinical and diagnostic management of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:808-19.
- 17. León C, Alvarez-Lerma F, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. Fungal colonization and/or infection in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: results of the EPCAN observational study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:233-42.
- 18. Magill SS, Swoboda SM, Johnson EA, et al. The association between anatomic site of Candida colonization, invasive candidiasis, and mortality in critically ill surgical patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;55:293-301.
- 19. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. AnnSurg. 1994;220:751-8.
- 20. De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1813-21.
- 21. Scudeller L, Viscoli C, Menichetti F, et al. An Italian consensus for invasive candidiasis management (ITALIC). Infection. 2014;42:263-79.
- 22. Hsu DI, Nguyen M, Nguyen L, Law A, Wong-Beringer A. A multicentre study to evaluate the impact of timing of caspofung in administration on outcomes of invasive candidiasis in nonimmunocompromised adult patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:1765-70.
- 23. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3640-5.
- 24. Caggiano G, Puntillo F, Coretti C, et al. Candida colonization index in patients admitted to an ICU. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12:7038-47.
- 25. Posteraro B, De Pascale G, Tumbarello M, et al. Early diagnosis of candidemia in intensive care unit patients with sepsis: a prospective comparison of (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay, Candida score, and colonization index. Crit Care. 2011;15:R249.
- 26. Eggimann P, Pittet D. Candida colonization index and subsequent infection in critically ill surgical patients: 20 years later. Intensive Care Med.2014;40:1429-48.
- 27. Eggimann P, Que YA, Revelly JP, Pagani JL. Preventing invasive candida infections. Where could we do better? J Hosp Infect. 2015;89:302-8.
- 28. León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al. A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:730-7.
- 29. León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al. Usefulness of the “Candida score” for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1624-33.
- 30. Tissot F, Lamoth F, Hauser PM, et al. β-glucan antigenemia anticipates diagnosis of blood culture-negative intraabdominal candidiasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188:1100-9.
- 31. Paphitou NI, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH. Rules for identifying patients at increased risk for candidal infections in the surgical intensive care unit: approach to developing practical criteria for systematic use in antifungal prophylaxis trials. Med Mycol. 2005;43:235-43.
- 32. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Sable C, Sobel J, et al. Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomial invasive candidiasis in the intensive care setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26:271-6.
- 33. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Pappas PG, Shoham S, et al. Improvement of a clinical prediction rule for clinical trials on prophylaxis for invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit. Mycoses. 2011;54:46-51.
- 34. Reiss E, Morrison CJ. Nonculture methods for diagnosis of disseminated candidiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993;6:311-23.
- 35. Morris AJ, Byrne TC, Madden JF, Reller LB. Duration of incubation of fungal cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:1583-5.
- 36. Obayashi T, Yoshida M, Mori T, et al. Plasma (1-->3)-beta-Dglucan measurement in diagnosis of invasive deep mycosis and fungal febrile episodes. Lancet. 1995;345:17-20.
- 37. Ellis M, Al-Ramadi B, Finkelman M, et al. Assessment of the clinical utility of serial beta-D-glucan concentrations in patients with persistent neutropenic fever. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:287-95.
- 38. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1-->3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:654-9.
- 39. Pickering JW, Sant HW, Bowles CA, Roberts WL, Woods GL. Evaluation of a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5957-62.
- 40. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Kullberg BJ, Bow EJ, et al. Early treatment of candidemia in adults: a review. Med Mycol. 2011;49:113-20.
- 41. Takesue Y, Kakehashi M, Ohge H, et al. Combined assessment of beta-D-glucan and degree of candida colonization before starting empiric therapy for candidiasis in surgical patients. World J Surg. 2004;28:625-30.
- 42. Jaijakul S, Vazquez JA, Swanson RN, Ostrosky-Zeichner L. (1,3)-β-D-glucan as a prognostic marker of treatment response in invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:521-6.
- 43. Lyons JL, Thakur KT, Lee R, et al. Utility of measuring (1,3)-β-dglucanin cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of fungal central nervous system infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:319-22.
- 44. Ginocchio F, Verrina E, Furfaro E, Cannavò R, Bandettini R, Castagnola E. Case report of the reliability 1,3-β-D-glucan monitoring during treatment of peritoneal candidiasis in child receiving continuous peritoneal dialysis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19:626-7.
- 45. Mutschlechner W, Risslegger B, Willinger B, et al. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (1,3) β-D-Glucan for the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Transplantation. 2015;99:e140-4.
- 46. Schuetz AN. Invasive fungal infections: biomarkers and molecular approaches to diagnosis. Clin Lab Med. 2013;33:505-25.
- 47. Mikulska M, Calandra T, Sanguinetti M, Poulain D, Viscoli C, Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia Group. The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Crit Care. 2010;14:R222.
- 48. Khot PD, Fredricks DN. PCR-based diagnosis of human fungal infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2009;7:1201-21.
- 49. Avni T, Leibovici L, Paul M. PCR diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:665-70.
- 50. McMullan R, Metwally L, Coyle PV, et al. A prospective clinical trial of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of candidemia in nonneutropenic, critically ill adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:890-6.
- 51. Heil EL, Daniels LM, Long DM, Rodino KG, Weber DJ, Miller MB. Impact of a rapid peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization assay on treatment of Candida infections. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2012;69:1910-4.
- 52. Saracli MA, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, Wiederhold NP. Detection of triazole resistance among Candida species by matrix-assistedlaser desorption/ionization-time of flight massspectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Med Mycol. 2015;53:736-42.
- 53. Skrobik Y, Laverdiere M. Why Candida sepsis should matter to ICU physicians. Crit Care Clin. 2013;29:853-64.
- 54. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3640-5.
- 55. Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multiinstitutional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:25-31.
- 56. Blot SI, Vandewoude KH, Hoste EA, Colardyn FA. Effects of nosocomial candidemia on outcomes of critically ill patients. Am J Med. 2002;113:480-5.
- 57. Senn L, Eggimann P, Ksontini R, et al. Caspofungin for prevention of intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:903-8.
- 58. Bassetti M, Marchetti M, Chakrabarti A, et al. A research agenda on the management of intra-abdominalcandidiasis: results from a consensus of multinational experts. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:2092-106.
- 59. Maubon D, Garnaud C, Calandra T, Sanglard D, Cornet M. Resistance of Candida spp. to antifungal drugs in the ICU: where are we now? Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:1241-55.