An Approach for Routine Analytical Detection of Beeswax Adulteration Using FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy
References
- Aichholz R., Lorbeer E. (1999) Investigation of combwax of honeybees with high-temperature gas chromatography and high-temperature gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry I. High-temperature gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 855(2): 601-615. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00725-6
- Aichholz R., Lorbeer E. (2000) Investigation of combwax of honeybees with high-temperature gas chromatography and high-temperature gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. II: High-temperature gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 883(1-2): 75-88. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00386-1
- Bernal J. L., Jiménez J. J., del Nozal M. J., Toribio L., Martín M. T. (2005) Physico-chemical parameters for the characterization of pure beeswax and detection of adulterations. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 107(3): 158-166. DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200401105
- Berry A. J., Delaplane S. K. (2001) Effects of comb age on honey bee colony growth and brood survivorship. Journal of Apicultural Research 40(1): 3-8. DOI: 10.1002/ ejlt.200401105
- Beverly M. B., Kay P. T., Voorhees K. J. (1995) Principal component analysis of the pyrolysis mass spectra from African, Africanized hybrid and European beeswax. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 34(2): 251-263. DOI: 10.1016/0165-2370(95)00891-H
- Birshtein V. Y, Tul‘chinskii V. M. (1977) Determination of beeswax and some impurities by IR spectroscopy. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 13(2): 232-235.
- Bogdanov S. (2004a) Beeswax: quality issues today. Bee World 85(3): 46-50.
- Bogdanov S. (2004b) Quality and standards of pollen and beeswax. Apiacta 38: 334-341.
- Bogdanov S. (2009) Beeswax: Production, properties, composition and control. Beeswax book. Bee Product Science. 17 pp.
- Breed M. D., Garry M. F., Pearce A. N., Hibbard B. E., Bjostad L. B., Page R. E. (1995) The role of wax comb in honeybee nestmate recognition. Animal Behaviour 50(2): 489-496. DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1995.0263
- Buchwald R., Breed M. D., Bjostad L., Hibbard B. E., Greenberg A. R. (2009) The role of fatty acids in the mechanical properties of beeswax. Apidologie 40(5): 585-594. DOI: 10.1051/apido/2009035
- D’Ettorre P., Wenseleers T., Dawson J., Hutchinson S., Boswell T., Ratnieks F. L. W. (2006) Wax combs mediate nestmate recognition by guard honeybees. Animal Behaviour 71(4): 773-779. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.014
- DGF-M-V-6 (1957) DGF - Einheitsmethoden - Abteilung M - Wachse. German Standard -Beeswax. 29 pp. Available at: http://www.dgfett.de/methods/inhaltsverzeichnis.pdf
- Edwards H. G. M., Farwel D. W., Daffner L. (1996) Fouriertransform Raman spectroscopic study of natural waxes and resins. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 52(12): 1639-1648. DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(96)01730-8
- Council of Europe (2007) European Pharmacopoeia. 6th Edition. Council of Europe. Strasbourg, Cedex, France. Volume 2. 1085-3308 pp.
- Fröhlich B., Riederer M., Tautz J. (2000) Comb-wax discrimination by honeybees tested with the proboscis extension reflex. Journal of Experimental Biology 203(10): 1581-1587.
- Jiménez J. J., Bernal J. L., Aumente S., Toribio L., Bernal J. (2003) Quality assurance of commercial beeswax II. Gas chromatography-electron impact ionization mass spectrometry of alcohols and acids. Journal of Chromatography A 1007(1-2): 101-116. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00962-2
- Jiménez J. J., Bernal J. L., del Nozal M. J., Martín M. T., Bernal J. (2006) Sample preparation methods for beeswax characterization by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Journal of Chromatography A 1129(2): 262-272. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.098
- Jiménez J. J., Bernal J. L., del Nozal M. J., Martín T., Toribio L. (2009) Identification of adulterants added to beeswax: Estimation of detectable minimum percentages. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 111(9): 902-911. DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800263
- Jiménez J. J., Bernal J. L., del Nozal M. J., Toribio L., Bernal J. (2007) Detection of beeswax adulterations using concentration guide-values. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109(7): 682-690. DOI: 10.1002/ ejlt.200600308
- Jiménez J. J., Bernal J. L., Aumente S., del Nozal M. J., Martín M. T., Bernal J. (2004) Quality assurance of commercial beeswax. I. Gas chromatography- electron impact ionization mass spectrometry of hydrocarbons and monoesters. Journal of Chromatography A 1024 (1-2): 147-154. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.063
- Maia M., Nunes F. M. (2013) Authentication of beeswax (Apis mellifera) by high-temperature gas chromatography and chemometric analysis. Food Chemistry 136(2): 961-968. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.003
- Maia M., Barros A. R. N. A., Nunes F. M. (2013) A novel, direct, reagent-free method for the detection of beeswax adulteration by single-reflection attenuated total reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 107: 74-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.052
- MatLab 7.11 (2010b) MathWorks Inc.
- Muscat D., Tobin M. J., Guo Q., Adhikari B. (2014) Understanding the distribution of natural wax in starch-wax films using synchrotron-based FTIR (S-FTIR). Carbohydrate Polymers 102: 125-135. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.004
- Semkiw P., Skubida P. (2013) Comb construction and brood development on beeswax foundation adulterated with paraffin. Journal of Apicultural Science 57(1):75-83. DOI: 10.2478/jas-2013-0009
- Serra Bonvehi J. S., Orantes Bermejo F. J. (2012) Detection of adulterated commercial Spanish beeswax. Food Chemistry 132(1): 642-648. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.104
- Statistica ver. 7. (2004) StatSoft Inc.
- Tulloch A. P. (1973) Factors affecting analytical values of beeswax and detection of adulteration. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 50(7): 269-272.
- University of Tartu (Estonia), Institute of Chemistry. Database of ATR-IR spectra of materials related to paints and coatings. Available at: http://tera.chem.ut.ee/IR_spectra/
- Wallner K. (2005) Foundation causing honeybee brood damage. In: Proceedings of ICPBR 9. International Symposium. York - United Kingdom. 12-14 October 2005: 30.
- Waś E., Szczęsna T., Rybak-Chmielewska H. (2014) Determination of beeswax hydrocarbons by gas chromatography with a mass detector (GC-MS) technique. Journal of Apicultural Science 58(1): 145-157. DOI: 10.2478/JAS-2014-0015
- Winston M. L. (1991) The Biology of the Honey Bee. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. 36 pp.
- Zimnicka B., Hacura A. (2006) An Investigation of Molecular Structure and Dynamics of Crude Beeswax by Vibrational Spectroscopy. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 15(4A): 112-114.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jas-2015-0018 | Journal eISSN: 2299-4831 | Journal ISSN: 1643-4439 (formerly 2299-4831)
Language: English
Page range: 37 - 49
Submitted on: Oct 8, 2014
Accepted on: Jul 10, 2015
Published on: Dec 9, 2015
Published by: The National Institute of Horticultural Research and Apicultural Research Association
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2015 Lidija Svečnjak, Goran Baranović, Marko Vinceković, Saša Prđun, Dragan Bubalo, Ivana Tlak Gajger, published by The National Institute of Horticultural Research and Apicultural Research Association
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.