Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Lead toxicity: a review Cover

Lead toxicity: a review

Interdisciplinary Toxicology
Volume 8 (2015): Issue 2 (June 2015)
By: ,   and    
Open Access
|Mar 2016
References

References

  1. Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention (ACCLPP)”. CDC. (2012). Retrieved 19 sept. 2014.
    Search in Google Scholar
  2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2007). Lead Toxicity: Who Is at Risk of Lead Exposure?. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Course: WB 1105.
    Search in Google Scholar
  3. Apostoli P, Kiss P, Porru S, Bonde JP, Vanhoorne M. (1998). Male reproductive toxicity of lead in animals and humans. ASCLEPIOS Study Group.: 364–74.
    Search in Google Scholar
  4. Barbosa Jr F, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerlach RF, Parsons PJ. (2005). A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: advantages, limitations, and future needs.: 1669–74.
    Search in Google Scholar
  5. Baş H, Kalender Y, Pandir D, Kalender S. (2015) Effects of lead nitrate and sodium selenite on DNA damage and oxidative stress in diabetic and non-diabetic rat erythrocytes and leucocytes..: 1019–1026.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  6. Baselt RC. (2008).(8th ed.). Biomedical Publications. pp. 823–6.
    Search in Google Scholar
  7. Beier EE, Inzana JA, Sheu TJ, Shu L, Puzas JE, Mooney RA. (2015). Effects of combined exposure to lead and high-fat diet on bone quality in juvenile male mice.(10): 935–943.
    Search in Google Scholar
  8. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, Needleman H, Rabinowitz M. (1987) longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development.: 1037–1043.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  9. Bellinger DC. (2004). Lead.(4 Suppl): 1016–1022.
    Search in Google Scholar
  10. Bellinger DC. (2005). Teratogen update: lead and pregnancy.: 409–420.
    Search in Google Scholar
  11. Bellinger DC. (2008). Very low lead exposures and children’s neurodevelopment.: 172–177.
    Search in Google Scholar
  12. Benjelloun M, Tarrass F, Hachim K, Medkouri G, Benghanem MG, Ramdani B. 2007). Chronic lead poisoning: A “forgotten” cause of renal disease: 83–86.
    Search in Google Scholar
  13. Bergeson LL. (2008). The proposed lead NAAQS: Is consideration of cost in the clean air act‘s future?.: 79–84.
    Search in Google Scholar
  14. Billings RJ, Berkowitz RJ, Watson G. (2004). Teeth.: 1120–1127.
    Search in Google Scholar
  15. Breeher L, Mikulski MA, Czeczok T, Leinenkugel K, Fuortes LJ. (2015). A cluster of lead poisoning among consumers of Ayurvedic medicine.Apr 6:2049396715Y0000000009. [Epub ahead of print]
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  16. Brunton LL, Goodman LS, Blumenthal D, Buxton I, Parker KL. ed. (2007). Goodman and Gillmans Manual of Pharmocology and Theraupetics. Mcgraw Hill Professional.
    Search in Google Scholar
  17. Büsselberg D, Evans ML, Haas HL, Carpenter DO. (1993). Blockade of mammalian and invertebrate calcium channels by lead.: 249–58.
    Search in Google Scholar
  18. Casaret LJ, Klaassen CD, Doull, J. ed. (2007). Toxic effects of metals. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons (7ed.) McGraw Hill Professional.
    Search in Google Scholar
  19. Case Studies in Environmental Medicine Lead (Pb) Toxicity: How are People Exposed to Lead?. Archived on 19-09-2014.
    Search in Google Scholar
  20. (CDC). (2009). CDC Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Updated Tables. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services.
    Search in Google Scholar
  21. (CDC). (2012). Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children: A Renewed Call for Primary Prevention. Retrieved 19 Sept. 2014.
    Search in Google Scholar
  22. Folk Medicine.Retrieved 23 Sept. 2014.
    Search in Google Scholar
  23. Chisolm J, Harrison H. (1956). The Exposure of Children to Lead.s: 943–958.
    Search in Google Scholar
  24. Cleveland LM. Minter ML, Cobb KA, Scott AA, German VF. (2008). Lead hazards for pregnant women and children.: 40–49.
    Search in Google Scholar
  25. Cohen AR, Trotzky MS.; Pincus D. (1981). Reassessment of the Microcytic Anemia of Lead Poisoning.: 904–906.
    Search in Google Scholar
  26. Dart RC, Hurlbut KM, Boyer-Hassen LV. (2004). Lead. In Dart, RC. Medical Toxicology (3ed.). Lippincot Williams and Wilkins.
    Search in Google Scholar
  27. Dobrakowski M, Kasperczyk J, Romuk E, Prokopowicz A, Birkner E. (2014). The influence of beta-carotene on homocysteine level and oxidative stress in lead-exposed workers.: 309–16.
    Search in Google Scholar
  28. Ekong, EB, Jaar BG, Weaver VM. (2006). Lead-related nephrotoxicity: a review of the epidemiologic evidence.: 2074–84.
    Search in Google Scholar
  29. Fang JY, Wang PW, Huang CH, Hung YY, Pan TL. (2014). Evaluation of the hepatotoxic risk caused by lead acetate via skin exposure using a proteomic approach.2588–2599
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  30. Flora G, Gupta D, Tiwari A. (2012). Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates.: 47–58.
    Search in Google Scholar
  31. Flora, SJ, Mittal M, Mehta A. (2008). Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & its possible reversal by chelation therapy.: 501–23.
    Search in Google Scholar
  32. Flores-Montoya MG, Sobin C. (2014). Early chronic lead exposure reduces exploratory activity in young C57BL/6J mice.(7): 759–765.
    Search in Google Scholar
  33. Fujita H, Nishitani C, Ogawa K. (2002). Lead, chemical porphyria, and heme as a biological mediator.(2): 53–64.
    Search in Google Scholar
  34. Grant LD. (2009). Lead and compounds. IN Lippmann, M. Environmental Toxicants: Human exposure and their health effects (3rg ed.) Wiley-Interscience.
    Search in Google Scholar
  35. He Y, von Lampe K, Wood L, Kurti M. (2015). Investigation of lead and cadmium in counterfeit cigarettes seized in the United States.: 40–45.
    Search in Google Scholar
  36. Henretig FM. (2006). Lead. IN Golgfrank, LR. Goldfrank’s Toxicoliogic Emergencies (8ed.) McGraw Hill Professional.
    Search in Google Scholar
  37. Hu H, Shih R, Rothenberg S, Schwartz BS. (2007). The Epidemiology of Lead Toxicity in Adults: Measuring Dose and Consideration of Other Methodologic Issues.: 455–62.
    Search in Google Scholar
  38. Jacobs DE, Clickner, RP, Zhou JY, Viet SM, Marker DA, Rogers JW, Zeldin DC, Broene P. Friedman W. (2002). The prevalence of lead based paint hazards in U.S. housing.: A599–606.
    Search in Google Scholar
  39. Ja-Liang L, Dan-Tzu L, Kuang-Hung H, Chun-Chen Y. (2003). Environmental Lead Exposure and Progression of Chronic Renal Diseases in Patients without Diabetes.: 277–86.
    Search in Google Scholar
  40. Jurdziak M, Gać P, Martynowicz H, Poręba R. (2015). Function of respiratory system evaluated using selected spirometry parameters in persons occupationally exposed to lead without evident health problems.: 1034–1040.
    Search in Google Scholar
  41. Karri SK, Saper RB, Kales SN. (2008). Lead Encephalopathy Due to Traditional Medicines.: 54–9.
    Search in Google Scholar
  42. Kasperczyk S, Dobrakowski M, Kasperczyk A, Romuk E, Rykaczewska-Czerwińska M, Pawlas N, Birkner E. (2015). Effect of N-acetylcysteine administration on homocysteine level, oxidative damage to proteins, and levels of iron (Fe) and Fe-related proteins in lead-exposed workers. Toxicol Ind Health. [Epub ahead of print]
    Search in Google Scholar
  43. Kosnett MJ. (2005). Lead. In Brent, J.. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 0-8151-4387-7.
    Search in Google Scholar
  44. Kosnett MJ. (2006) Lead In Olson, K.R. Poisoning and Drug Overdose (5ed.) McGraw Hill Professional.
    Search in Google Scholar
  45. Kosnett MJ. (2007) Heavy metal Intoxication and chelators. In Katzung BG. Basic and clinical Pharmocology. McGraw Hill Professional.
    Search in Google Scholar
  46. Kosnett, MJ, Wedeen RP, Rothenberg SJ, Hipkins KL, Materna BL, Schwartz BS, Hu H, Woolf A. (2007). Recommendations for Medical Management of Adult Lead Exposure.: 463–71.
    Search in Google Scholar
  47. Landrigan PJ, Schechter CB, Lipton JM, Fahs MC, Schwartz J. (2002). Environmental pollutants and disease in American children.: 721–8.
    Search in Google Scholar
  48. Levin R, Brown MJ, Kashtock ME. Jacobs DE, Whelan EA, Rodman J, Schock MR, Padilla A, Sinks T. (2008). Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention.: 1285–1293.
    Search in Google Scholar
  49. Li C, Pan Z, Xu T, Zhang C, Wu Q, Niu Y. (2014). Puerarin induces the upregulation of glutathione levels and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 through PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling events in PC12 cells exposed to lead.: 1–9.
    Search in Google Scholar
  50. Lin JL, Huang PT (1994). Body lead stores and urate excretion in men with chronic renal disease.: 705–709
    Search in Google Scholar
  51. Lv C, Xu Y, Wang J, Shao X, Ouyang J, Li J. (2015). Dysplastic changes in erythroid precursors as a manifestation of lead poisoning: report of a case and review of literature.: 818–23.
    Search in Google Scholar
  52. Mahaffey KR. (1990). Environmental lead toxicity: nutrition as a component of intervention.: 75–78.
    Search in Google Scholar
  53. Mai FM. (2006). Beethoven’s terminal illness and death. J R Coll Physicians Edinb.: 258–63
    Search in Google Scholar
  54. Mañay N, Cousillas AZ, Alvarez C, Heller T. (2008). Lead contamination in Uruguay: the “La Teja” neighborhood case.: 93–115.
    Search in Google Scholar
  55. Marino PE, Landrigan PJ, Graef J, Nussbaum A, Bayan G, Boch K, Boch, S. (1990). A case report of lead paint poisoning during renovation of a Victorian farmhouse.: 1183–1185.
    Search in Google Scholar
  56. Mason LH, Harp JP, Han DY. (2014). Pb Neurotoxicity: Neuropsychological Effects of Lead Toxicity.Article ID 840547, 8 pages.
    Search in Google Scholar
  57. Merill JC, Morton JJP, Soileau SD. (2007). Metals. In Hayes, A.W.Principles and Methods of Toxicology (5ed.)
    Search in Google Scholar
  58. Meyer PA, McGeehin MA, Falk H. (2003). A global approach to childhood lead poisoning prevention.: 363–369
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  59. Mohsen V, Derek RS, Ping-Chi H. (2011). How does lead induce male infertility?: 1–8.
    Search in Google Scholar
  60. Moore MR. (1977). Lead in drinking water in soft water areas--health hazards.: 109–115.
    Search in Google Scholar
  61. Mycyk M, Hryhorcu D, Amitai Y. (2005) “Lead” In Erickson TB, Ahrens WR, Aks S, Ling L.. Mcgraw Hill Professional.
    Search in Google Scholar
  62. Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ. (2007). Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease--A Systematic Review.: 472–82.
    Search in Google Scholar
  63. Needleman H. (2004). Lead poisoning.: 209–22
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  64. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN. (1990). The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood--An 11-year follow-up report.: 83–88.
    Search in Google Scholar
  65. Nevin R (2007). Understanding international crime trends: the legacy of pre-school lead exposure.: 315–336.
    Search in Google Scholar
  66. Nevin R. (2000). How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed pregnancy.: 1–22.
    Search in Google Scholar
  67. Park SK, O’Neill MS, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D, Wright RO, Coull B, Nie H, Hu H, Schwartz J. (2008). Air Pollution and Heart Rate Variability: Effect Modification by Chronic Lead Exposure.: 111–120.
    Search in Google Scholar
  68. Patrick L. (2006). Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment.: 2–22.
    Search in Google Scholar
  69. Pearce JMS. (2007). Burton’s line in lead poisoning.: 118–119.
    Search in Google Scholar
  70. Pearson HA, Schonfeld DJ. (2003). Lead. In Rudolph, C.D. Rudolph’s Pediatrics (21ed.) McGraw Hill professional.
    Search in Google Scholar
  71. Rogan WJ, Dietrich KN, Ware JH, Dockery DW, Salganik M, Radcliffe J, Jones RL, Ragan NB, Chisolm JJ Jr, Rhoads GG. (2001). The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead.(19): 1421–1426.
    Search in Google Scholar
  72. Ronis MJ, Badger TM, Shema SJ, Roberson PK, Shaikh F. (1996). Reproductive toxicity and growth effects in rats exposed to lead at different periods during development.: 361–71.
    Search in Google Scholar
  73. Rossi E. (2008). Low Level Environmental Lead Exposure – A Continuing Challenge.: 63–70.
    Search in Google Scholar
  74. Roy A, Queirolo E, Peregalli F, Mañay N, Martínez G, Kordas K. (2015). Association of blood lead levels with urinary F2-8α isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine concentrations in first-grade Uruguayan children.: 127–135.
    Search in Google Scholar
  75. Rubin R, Strayer DS. ed. (2008). Environmental and Nutritional pathology. Rubins pathology; Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine (5ed.) Lippincot Williams & Wilkins.
    Search in Google Scholar
  76. Sanborn MD, Abelsohn A, Campbell M, Weir E. (2002). Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 3. Lead exposure.: 1287–1292.
    Search in Google Scholar
  77. Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, Tchounwou PB. (2009). Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review.: 15–45.
    Search in Google Scholar
  78. Schoeters G, Hond ED, Dhooge W, Larebeke NV, Leijs M. (2008). Endocrine Disruptors and Abnormalities of Pubertal Development.: 168–175.
    Search in Google Scholar
  79. Shannon M. (2003). Severe Lead Poisoning in Pregnancy.: 37–39.
    Search in Google Scholar
  80. Shih RA, Hu H, Weisskopf MG, Schwartz BS. (2007). Cumulative Lead Dose and Cognitive Function in Adults: A Review of Studies That Measured Both Blood Lead and Bone Lead.: 483–492.
    Search in Google Scholar
  81. Sokol R. (1989). Reversibility of the toxic effect of lead on the Male Reproductive Axis.: 310–316.
    Search in Google Scholar
  82. Sokol RZ, Wang S, Wan YY, Stanczyk FZ, Gentzschein E, Chapin RE. (2002. Long term, low dose lead exposure alters the Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone System in the Male Rats.: 871–874.
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  83. Sokol RZ, Berman N. (1991). The effect of age of exposure on lead-induced testicular toxicity.: 269–78.
    Search in Google Scholar
  84. Staudinger KC, Roth VS. (1998). Occupational lead poisoning.: 719–726.
    Search in Google Scholar
  85. Thoreux-Manlay A, Vélez de la Calle JF, Olivier MF, Soufir JC, Masse R, Pinon-Lataillade G. (1995). Impairment of testicular endocrine function after lead intoxication in the adult rat.: 101–109.
    Search in Google Scholar
  86. Timbrell JA, ed. (2008). Biochemical mechanisms of toxicity: Specific examples.(4ed.). Informa Health Care.
    Search in Google Scholar
  87. United States Environmental Protection Agency., Retreived on 17-09-2014.
    Search in Google Scholar
  88. Wadi S, Ahmad G (1999). Effects of lead on the male reproductive system in mice.: 513–521.
    Search in Google Scholar
  89. Watts J. (2009). Lead poisoning cases spark riots in China.(9693): 868.
    Search in Google Scholar
  90. Wedeen RP, Maesaka JK, Weiner B, Lipat GA, Lyons MM, Vitale LF, Joselow MM. (1975). Occupational lead nephropathy.: 630–641.
    Search in Google Scholar
  91. White LD, Cory-Slechta, DA; Gilbert ME, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Zawia NH, Virgolini M, Rossi-George A, Lasley SM, Qian YC, Basha MR. (2007). New and evolving concepts in the neurotoxicology of lead.: 1–27.
    Search in Google Scholar
  92. Woolf AD, Goldman R, Bellinger DC. (2007). Update on the clinical management of childhood lead poisoning.: 271–294
    Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
  93. Wright LF, Saylor RP, Cecere FA. (1984). Occult lead intoxication in patients with gout and kidney disease.: 517–520.
    Search in Google Scholar
  94. Xu J, Yan HC, Yang B, Tong LS, Zou YX, Tian Y. (2009). Effects of lead exposure on hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 and 7 in developmental rats.: 5.
    Search in Google Scholar
  95. Yu CC, Lin JL, Lin-Tan DT. (2004). Environmental Exposure to Lead and Progression of Chronic Renal Diseases: A Four-Year Prospective Longitudinal Study.: 1016–1022.
    Search in Google Scholar
  96. Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhang R, Liu R, Chen Y. (2014). Binding Mode Investigations on the Interaction of Lead (II) Acetate with Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.: 9644–9650.
    Search in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2015-0009 | Journal eISSN: 1337-9569 | Journal ISSN: 1337-6853
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 55 - 64
Submitted on: Jan 23, 2015
Accepted on: Apr 17, 2015
Published on: Mar 7, 2016
Published by: Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
lead toxicity,
lead poisoning,
heavy metals,
environmental health
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Clinical medicine,
Pharmacology, toxicology

© 2016 Ab Latif Wani, Anjum Ara, Jawed Ahmad Usmani, published by Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 8 (2015): Issue 2 (June 2015)
Next article