Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Characteristics of postpartum midwifery care grouped for risk factor loading: means and frequencies with corresponding 95% confidence intervals
| No risk factor | One risk factor | Several risk factors | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number (n) | 42 109 | 10 521 | 3622 |
| Total number of consultations: mean | 5.35 [5.33, 5.38] | 5.57 [5.51, 5.63] | 6.09 [5.98, 6.19] |
| Consultations until 10 days pp | |||
| Mean | 4.08 [4.06, 4.10] | 3.71 [3.67, 3.75] | 3.48 [3.41, 3.54] |
| frequency | 96.8% [96.7%, 97.0] | 92.7% [92.2%, 93.2%] | 88.8% [87.7%, 89.8%] |
| Cons. 1st day pp: frequency | 5.58% [5.37%, 5.80%] | 2.17% [1.91%, 2.46%] | 2.04% [1.63%, 2.56%] |
| Cons. 2nd-4th day pp: frequency | 40.8% [40.3%, 41.3%] | 36.1% [35.2%, 37.0%] | 29.7% [28.2%, 31.2%] |
| Cons. 5th - 10th day pp: frequency | 94.3% [94.0%, 94.5%] | 90.7% [90.2%, 91.3%] | 87.1% [86.0%, 88.2%] |
| Second visits on same day during first 10 days pp | |||
| mean | 0.275 [0.266, 0.284] | 0.247 [0.231, 0.263] | 0.264 [0.236, 0.292] |
| frequency | 11.8% [11.5%, 12.1%] | 12.0% [11.4%, 12.7%] | 13.0% [11.9%, 14.1%] |
| AND visits during first 4 days: frequency | 6.48% [6.25%, 6.72%] | 5.09% [4.69%, 5.53%] | 4.64% [4.00%, 5.37%] |
| AND no visits during first 4 days: frequency | 5.28% [5.07%, 5.50%] | 6.94% [6.47%, 7.44%] | 8.37% [7.51%, 9.31%] |
| Medically prescribed consultations after 10 days pp | |||
| mean | 0.460 [0.447, 0.472] | 1.04 [1.00, 1.08] | 1.76 [1.67, 1.84] |
| frequency | 15.6% [15.2%, 15.9%] | 28.4% [27.5%, 29.3%] | 42.0% [40.4%. 43.6%] |
| AND no consultations during first 10 days: frequency | 1.10% [1.00%, 1.20%] | 5.07% [4.66%, 5.50%] | 9.25% [8.35%, 10.2%] |
| Breast Feeding | |||
| B.f. advice after 10 days pp: mean | 0.487 [0.479, 0.495] | 0.545 [0.527, 0.563] | 0.556 [0.524, 0.588] |
| B.f. advice after 10 days pp: frequency | 29.6% [29.2%, 30.0%] | 31.3% [30.4%, 32.2%] | 29.7% [28.3%, 31.2%] |
| B.f. problems, at least once: frequency | 46.5% [46.0%, 47.0%] | 55.0% [54.1%, 56.0%] | 63.9% [62.3%, 65.4%] |
| Referral to other disciplines | |||
| frequency | 12.2% [11.9%, 12.6%] | 12.9% [12.3%, 13.6%] | 19.5% [18.2%, 20.8%] |
List of countries in Figure 2
| Category of Nationality | Countries |
|---|---|
| Eastern Europe (incl. Russia) | Kosovo, Albania, Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegowina, Russia, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Hungary, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Estonia, Belarus, Montenegro |
| Northern Central and Western Europe | Germany, France, Great Britain, Austria, Principality of Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, Finland, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Island, Luxembourg |
| Southern Europe | Portugal, Italy, Spain, Greece, Andorra, Cyprus, Malta |
| Asia | Turkey, Sri Lanka, China, India, Thailand, Syria, Japan, Iraq, Vietnam, Philippines, Afghanistan, Iran, Lebanon, Pakistan, Israel, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Indonesia, Armenia, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Taiwan, Cambodia, North Korea, United Arab Emirates, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Myanmar, Georgian Republic, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, Oman, South Korea, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen |
| Africa | Eritrea, Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Angola, Algeria, Ethiopia, South Africa, Cote d’Ivoire, Kenya, Senegal, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Cape Verde, Egypt, Madagascar, Togo, Ghana, Guinea, Burundi, Benin, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Gabun, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Mozambique, Mauretania, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Seychelles, Chad, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Namibia, Zimbabwe |
| Latin America and Caribbean | Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Venezuela, Cuba, Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay |
| Northern America | United States of America, Canada |
| Australia and Oceania | Australia, New Zealand, Tonga |
List of familial psychosocial risk factors derived from existing screening instruments, classified according to their representability in the data of the survey: description of their representation in the data, citation of reference data and frequencies of the risk factors in the survey data and the reference data
| Risk factor | Represented in the data as | Freq. data | Reference data | Freq. Ref. data | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| well representable | Young mother | < 18y or < 20y and > 1 children | 0.197 % | EURO-PERISTAT 2010 < 20y | 1.1 % |
| Single mother | 2.00 % | BFS, population census 2000 | 5.6 % | ||
| Low education mother | No vocational training | 13.7 % | BFS, women’s education 2014 | 13.8 % | |
| Unemployment mother | 4.44 % | BFS, unemployment rate 2014 | 5.3 % | ||
| Preterm birth | < 37 weeks of gestation | 7.35 % | EURO-PERISTAT 2010 | 7.4 % | |
| Multiple birth | 2.00 % | BFS, live births 2014 | 1.8 % | ||
| vaguely representable | Social/linguistic isolation | PI PI: Statement in the category ‘psychosocial indication’ for problems during the postpartum period or as indication for medically prescribed visits after ten days postpartum | 2.64 % | ||
| Financial distress | PI PI: Statement in the category ‘psychosocial indication’ for problems during the postpartum period or as indication for medically prescribed visits after ten days postpartum | 0.637 % | BFS, income poverty 2012 | 7.7 % | |
| Alcohol/drugs mother | PI PI: Statement in the category ‘psychosocial indication’ for problems during the postpartum period or as indication for medically prescribed visits after ten days postpartum | 0.150 % | |||
| Maternal medical conditions | ‘postpartum depression’, ‘depression’ | 2.57 % | O’Hara and Swain (1996): postpartum depression rate | 13 % | |
| Family violence | PI PI: Statement in the category ‘psychosocial indication’ for problems during the postpartum period or as indication for medically prescribed visits after ten days postpartum | 0.321 % | |||
| Infant medical conditions | ‘malformation’ and ‘heart defect’ | 1.30 % | |||
| not representable | Characteristics father | Mother raised in children’s home | |||
| Nicotine | Lack of personal hygiene | ||||
| Unwanted pregnancy / no rejoice in pregnancy | Lack of self-organisation and planning | ||||
| Short birth spacing | Problems to accept / care for the child | ||||
| Pregnancy complications | Child adopted or in foster home | ||||
| Crowded housing | Family known at youth welfare service | ||||
| Massive couple conflicts | Regulation disorder of the child | ||||
| History of abuse | |||||
Total number of representable risk factors per family (n = 60 090)
| Number of risk factors | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of families | 45 161 | 11 173 | 2 762 | 741 | 193 | 52 | 7 | 1 |
| Frequency of families | 75.2 % | 18.6 % | 4.60 % | 1.23 % | 0.321 % | 0.087 % | 0.012 % | 0.002 % |