Temporal variation of prehistoric human settlement recorded in the oxbow lake deposits of San river (Sandomierz Basin, SE Poland)

Piotr Gębica; Anna Michno; Mateusz Sobucki; Sylwester Czopek; Katarzyna Trybała-Zawiślak; Agnieszka Wacnik

doi:10.1515/geochr-2015-0119

Figures & Tables

Location of Leszno 19 profile and Stubno-Nakło 6 profile (red dots) and distribution of 131 archaeological sites on the alluvial ridge of the San river; T1, T2, T3, T4- systems of palaeochannels and alluvial fills.

Depth-age model of the Leszno 19 profile.

Lithological profile, grain size indices (after Folk and Ward, 1957) and organic matter content in the Leszno 19 borehole log. 1 – clayey silt with organic matter, 2 – massive clayey silt, 3 – clay-ey silt with silt aggregates, 4 – organic silt, 5 – laminated silt (loam), 6 – clayey peat, 7 – wood, 8 – conventional radiocarbon dating, 9 – sampling sites, 10 – erosion boundary? 11 – medium sand (0.25–0.354 mm), 12 – fine sand (0.25–0.125 mm), 13 – very fine sand (0.125–0.063 mm), 14 – coarse silt (0.063–0.016 mm), 15 – fine silt (0.0160–0.002 mm), 16 – clay (> 0.002 mm)

Diagram presenting changes in percentage values of pollen of selected taxa from the Leszno 19 profile, in the context of archaeological data on changes in the local settlement intensity. Co – Corylus, Qu – Quercus, Ul – Ulmus, Cr – Carpinus, Be – Betula, Fa – Fagus, Al – Alnus, Pi – Pinus, NAP – non-arboreal pollen.

Macroscopic description of Leszno 19 profile_

Layer depth (cm)	Description of deposits	Sample no.	Sample depth (cm)
0–12	Clayey peat with macrofossils (poorly decomposed), overgrown with small roots	1	5–6

12–37	Clayey silt, grey-brown, organic, with single plant remains, overgrown with small roots	2	14–15
		3	32–33

37–45	Clayey peat, sticky, brown with plant remains, overgrown with small roots	4	41–42

45–53	Clayey peat, well decomposed, brown with macrofossils

53–58	Clayey silt, grey, with organic matter	5	55–56

58–69	Silt with clay, decomposed macrofossils, redeposited fragments (aggregates) of grey clayey silt	6	60–62

69–78	Clayey silt: 69–71 cm massive clayey silt	7	69–70
69–78	71–78 cm laminated grey silt, separated by organic laminate (organic lamina thicknesses of 3–4 mm)	8	73–74

78–82	Clayey silt, light grey-olive, massive, overgrown by vertical roots with plenty of macrofossils	9	79–80

82–85	Organic silt, brown, dispersed organic remains, silt aggregates	10	83–84

85–94	Silt with clay, massive, organic grey-brown-olive, with macrofossils, roots	11	89–91

94–99	Bulk sediment collected for radiocarbon dating ¹⁴C date: 2310±70 BP (MKL-3230) (754–180 BC)

99–120	Organic silt, clayey, grey-brown, remains of water plants, redeposited fragments (aggregates) of clayey silt	12 13	101–102 111–112

120–125	Bulk sediment collected for radiocarbon dating ¹⁴C date: 2850±60 BP (MKL-3231) (1210–850 BC)

125–130/133	Organic silt, grey–brown, with macrofossils, lower boundary oblique to 133 cm	14	129–130

130/133–136	Transitional layer, clayey silt with organic matter, clay aggregates	15	133–134

136–147	Clay olive, massive, small plant remains	16	141–142

147–160	Organic silt, grey-olive-brown, disperse organic matter, with plant remains, lower boundary oblique	17	154–155

160–167	Clayey silt light grey-olive, organic remains	18	163–164

167–173	Clayey silt grey–olive, disperse organic matter	19	169–170

173–180	Silt grey-olive-brown, with disperse organic matter, in the top organic lamina thicknesses of 2–3 mm	20	176–177

180–193	Coarser silt, organic laminate (at the depth 187–188 cm and 190–191 cm)	21	185–186

193–200	Clayey silt, grey-olive, massive	22	187–188
		23	195–196

Radiocarbon dates from the Leszno profile and ages interpolated from the closest pollen profiles, used for the construction of the depth-age model_

No	Name of sample	Laboratory code	Age ¹⁴C (BP)	Calibrated age BC/AD (95.4% probability)
1	Leszno, LE/2016, 94–99 cm	MKL-3230	2310 ± 70	745–687 BC (4.1%) 665–644 BC (1.3%) 552–183 BC (90.1%)

2	Leszno, LE/2016, 120–125 cm	MKL-3231	2850 ± 60	1210–894 BC (93.9%) 871–853 BC (1.5%)

3	interpolated data Stubno-Nakło 6/1, 112–114 cm; (1.1 km from Leszno 19)	MKL-2546	4960 ± 90	3964-3632 BC (94%) 3558–3538 BC (1.4%)

4	interpolated data Zariczczja, Z- 2/2015, 18–20 cm; (ca. 25 km from Leszno 19)	MKL-2995	300 ± 35	AD 1484–1660 (100%)

Number of settlement attributed to the particular cultures and periods at the 131 archaeological sites on the area of 72_5 km2 in the San river valley_

Settlement facts	Absolute chronology	San-Region (72.5 km² – Fig. 1)		Wisznia-Region (1260 km² – Czopek et. al., 2018)
		No	(%)	No	(%)
Number of recorded settlement facts	-	271	100.0	3612	100.0
Palaeolithic/Mesolithic	until 6^th millennium BC	1	0.4	24	0.7
Neolithic	6^th-3^th millennium BC	12	4.4	276	7.6
Stone Age	until 3^th BC	19	7.0	224	6.2
Early Bronze Age (Mierzanowice culture)	24^th-18^th century BC	15	5.5	176	4.9
Older/Middle Bronze Age (Trzciniec culture)	18^th-13^th century BC	33	12.2	193	5.3
Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture and related materials)	13^th-5^th century BC	42	15.5	692	19.2
Pre-Roman period and Pomeranian culture	5/4^th-1^th century BC	1	0.4	14	0.4
Roman Period (Przeworsk culture)	1^th-5^th century AD	44	16.2	283	7.8
Prehistoric Periods	until 5/6^th century AD	30	11.1	240	6.6
Early Middle Ages	6/7^th-13^th century AD	30	11.1	584	16.2
Late Middle Ages and Modern Period	14^th-18/19^th century AD	43	15.8	751	20.8
Indeterminate chronology	?	1	0.4	155	4.3

Temporal variation of prehistoric human settlement recorded in the oxbow lake deposits of San river (Sandomierz Basin, SE Poland)

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Macroscopic description of Leszno 19 profile_

Radiocarbon dates from the Leszno profile and ages interpolated from the closest pollen profiles, used for the construction of the depth-age model_

Number of settlement attributed to the particular cultures and periods at the 131 archaeological sites on the area of 72_5 km2 in the San river valley_

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