Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Details of the studied samples_
| Site | Sample code | Dating method | Age (ka) | Expected dose (Gy) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grotte Mandrin, France | X6717 | BSL | 41 ± 3 | 67.3 ± 3.0 |
| Sima de las Palomas, Spain | X6889 | BSL | 102.1 ± 12.0 | 204.5 ± 16.3 |
| Brooksby Quarry, UK | X6444 | geology | >200 | >300 |
| Cueva Negra, Spain | X6888 | palaeomagnetism, biostratigraphy | 780–990 | 600–1190 |
VSL De estimates using the SAR protocol_ The VSL De values that match the expected dose at 1 sigma are in bold type_
| Sample | Signal (s) | Background (s) | #1 | Overdispersion (%) | De ± se (Gy)2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X6717 | 0–0.9 | 450–500 | 8/12 | 13.3 ± 6.5 | 59.7 ± 4.1 |
| 0–300 | 400–500 | 10/12 | 32.1 ± 7.4 | 53.6 ± 5.5 | |
| 0–3 | 3–10.5 | 7/12 | - | 52.4 ± 3.9 | |
| 9–29 | 29–80 | 5/12 | 36.7 ± 12.3 | 69.8 ± 11.8 | |
| X6444 | 0–0.9 | 450–500 | 4/13 | 14.7 ± 8.9 | 199.4 ± 19.8 |
| 0–300 | 400–500 | 8/13 | 27.2 ± 7.2 | 202.2 ± 20.1 | |
| 0–3 | 3–10.5 | 4/13 | - | 141.5 ± 14.1 | |
| 9–29 | 29–80 | 3/13 | - | 339.9 ± 67.4 | |
| X6888 | 0–0.9 | 450–500 | 3/3 | - | 199.0 ± 12.4 |
| 0–300 | 400–500 | 3/3 | 5.5 ± 4.8 | 124.7 ± 5.8 | |
| 0–3 | 3–10.5 | 3/3 | - | 165.2 ± 25.2 | |
| 9–29 | 29–80 | 1/3 | - | 354.5 ± 61.0 | |
Protocols used in this study_ Alterations are in bold_ Note that for the MAAD protocol, only the measurement parameters were based on Ankjærgaard et al_ (2016), not the method to estimate the De_
| Step | SAR | MAAD | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | - | Additive dose | |
| 1 | Preheat (260°C, 10 s) | Preheat (300°C, 100 s or 10 s) | Empty thermally unstable components |
| 2 | Blue bleach (125°C, 40 s) | Blue bleach (125°C, 100 s) | Empty shallow trapped charge |
| 3 | VSL (125°C, 500 s) | VSL (30°C, 500 s) | Measure deep trapped charge (Ln, Lx or La) |
| 4 | Violet bleach (200°C, 500 s) | - | Reduce recuperation |
| 5 | Test dose (18 Gy) | Test dose (50 Gy) | Sensitivity correction |
| 6 | Preheat (260°C, 10 s) | Preheat (300°C, 100 s or 10 s) | Empty thermally unstable components |
| 7 | Blue bleach (125°C, 40 s) | Blue bleach (125°C, 100 s) | Empty shallow trapped charge |
| 8 | VSL (125°C, 500 s) | VSL (30°C, 500 s) | Measure deep trapped charge (Tn, Tx or Ta) |
| 9 | Violet bleach (200°C, 500 s) | - | Reduce recuperation |
| 10 | Regenerative dose | - |