References
- Ambrož, R., Vacek, S., Vacek, Z., Král, J., Štefančík, I., 2015: Current and simulated structure, growth parameters and regeneration of beech forests with different game management in the Lány Game Enclosure. Lesnícky časopis - Forestry Journal, 61:78-88.
- Ammer, C., 1996: Impact of ungulates on structure and dynamics of natural regeneration of mixed mountain forests in the Bavarian Alps. Forest Ecology and Management, 88:43-53.
- Bauhus, J., Puettmann, K., Messier, C., 2009: Silviculture for old-growth attributes. Forest Ecology and Management, 258:525-537.
- Bebber, D.P., Cole, W.G., Thomas, S.C., Balsillie, D., Duinker, P., 2005: Effects of retention harvests on structure of old-growth Pinus strobus L. stands in Ontario. Forest Ecology and Management, 205:91-103.
- Bílek, L., Remeš, J., Zahradník, D., 2011: Managed vs. unmanaged. Structure of beech forest stands (Fagus sylvatica L.) after 50 years of development, Central Bohemia. Forest Systems, 20:122-138.
- Bílek, L., Vacek, S., Vacek, Z., Remeš, J., Král, J., Bulušek, D., Gallo, J., 2016: How close to nature is close-tonature pine silviculture? Journal of Forest Science, 62:24-34.
- Borůvka, L., Podrázský, V., Mládková, L., Kuneš, I., Drábek, O., 2005: Some approaches to the research of forest soils affected by acidification in the Czech Republic. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, 51:745-749.
- Bošela, M., Štefančík, I., Petráš, R. Vacek, S., 2016: The effects of climate warming on the growth of European beechforests depend critically on thinning strategy and site productivity. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 222:21-31.
- Bulušek, D., Vacek, Z., Vacek, S., Král, J., Bílek, L., Králíček, I., 2016: Spatial pattern of relict beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in the Sudetes of the Czech Republic and Poland. Journal of Forest Science, 62:293-305.
- David, F. N., Moore, P. G., 1954: Notes on contagious distributions in plant populations. Annals of Botany of London, 18:47-53.
- Clark, P., Evans, F. C., 1954: Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationship in populations. Ecology, 35:445-453.
- Cukor, J., Baláš, M., Kupka, I., Tužinský, M., 2017: The condition of forest stands on afforested agricultural land in the Orlické hory Mts. Journal of Forest Science, 63:1-8.
- Čavlovič, J., Božič, M., Boncina, A., 2006: Stand structure of an uneven-aged fir-beech forest with an irregular diameter structure: modeling the development of the Belevine forest, Croatia. European Journal of Forest Research, 125:325-333.
- Diaci, J., Rozenbergar, D., Boncina, A., 2010: Stand dynamics of Dinaric old-growth forest in Slovenia: Are indirect human influences relevant? Plant Biosystems, 144:194-201.
- Ferlin, F., 2002: The growth potential of understorey silver fir and Norway spruce for uneven-aged forest management in Slovenia. Forestry, 75:375-383.
- Ficko, A., Poljanec, A., Boncina, A., 2010: Do changes in spatial distribution, structure and abundance of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) indicate its decline? Forest Ecology and Management, 261:844-854.
- Füldner, K., 1995: Strukturbeschreibung in Mischbeständen. Forstarchiv, 66:235-606.
- Fürst, C., Vacik, H., Lorz, C., Makeschin, F., Podrázký, V., Janeček, V., 2007: Meeting the challenges of process- oriented forest management. Forest Ecology and Management, 248:1-5.
- Götmark, F., 2009: Experiments for alternative management of forest reserves: effects of partial cutting on stem growth and mortality of large oaks. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39:1322-1330.
- Harmer, R., 2001: The effect of plant competition and simulated summer browsing by deer on tree regeneration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38:1094-1103.
- Hofmeister, Š., Svoboda, M., Souček, J., Vacek, S., 2008: Spatial pattern of Norway spruce and silver fir natural regeneration in uneven-aged mixed forests of northeastern Bohemia. Journal of Forest Science, 54:92-101.
- Hopkins, B., Skellam, J. G., 1954: A new method for determining the type of distribution of plant individuals. Annals of Botany, 18:213-227.
- Jaehne, S. C., Dohrenbusch, A., 1997: Ein Verfahren zur Beurteilung der Bestandesdiversität. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 116:333-345.
- Jaworski, A., Kolodziej, Z., Porada, K., 2002: Structure and dynamics of stands of primeval character in selected areas of the Bieszczady National Park. Journal of Forest Science, 48:185-201.
- Jorritsma, I. T. M., Van Hees, A. F. M., Mohren, G. M. J, 1999: Forest development in relation to ungulate grazing: a modeling approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 120:23-34.
- Klopcic, M., Jerina, K., Boncina, A., 2010: Long-term changes of structure and tree species composition in Dinaric uneven-aged forests: are red deer an important factor? European Journal of Forest Research, 129:277-288.
- Klopcic, M., Boncina, A., 2011: Stand dynamics of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)-European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests during the past century: a dechne of silver fir? Forestry, 84:259-271.
- Knoke, T., Ammer, C., Stimm, B., Mosandl, R., 2008: Admixing broadleaved to coniferous tree species: a review on yield, ecological stability and economics. European Journal of Forest Research, 127:89-101.
- Konôpka, B., Pajtík, J., 2015: Why was browsing by red deer more frequent but represented less consumed mass in young maple than in ash trees?! Journal of Forest Science, 61:431-438.
- Konôpka, J., Kaštier, P., Konôpka, B., 2015: Teoretické východiská a praktické opatrenia na harmonizáciu záujmov lesného hospodárstva a poľovníctva na Slovensku. Lesnícky časopis - Forestry Journal, 61:114-123.
- Korpeľ, Š., 1995: Die Urwälder der Westkarpaten. Stuttgart, New York, Gustav Fischer Verlag, 310 p.
- Král, J., Vacek, S., Vacek, Z., Putalová, T., Bulušek, D., Štefančík, I., 2015: Structure, development and health status of spruce forests affected by air pollution in the western Krkonoše Mts. in 1979-2014. Forestry Journal, 61:175-187.
- Králíček, I., Vacek, Z., Vacek, S., Remeš, J., Bulušek, D., Král, J. et al., 2017: Dynamics and structure of mountain autochthonous spruce-beech forests: impact of hilltop phenomenon, air pollutants and climate. Dendrobiology, 77:121-139.
- Kucbel, S., Jaloviar, P., Saniga, M., Vencurik, J., Klimaš, V., 2010: Canopy gaps in an old-growth fir-beech forest remnant of Western Carpathians. European Journal of Forest Research, 129:249-259.
- Liira, J., Sepp, T., Kohv, K., 2011: The ecology of tree regeneration in mature and old forests: combined knowledge for sustainable forest management, Journal of Forest Research, 16:184-193.
- Lindenmayer, D. B., Franklin, J. F., 2002: Conserving Forest Biodiversity. A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach. Island Press, Washington, DC, 351 p.
- Linder, P., Östlund, L., 1998: Structural changes in three midboreal Swedish forest landscapes, 1885 - 1996. Conservation Biology, 85:9-19.
- Lindh, B. C., Muir, P. S., 2004: Understory vegetation in young Douglas-fir forests: does thinning help restore old-growth composition? Forest Ecology and Management, 192:285-296.
- Malík, K., Remeš, J., Vacek, S., Štícha, V., 2014: Development and dynamics of mountain spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karsten) stand regeneration. Journal of Forest Science, 60:61-69.
- Mattila, M., Kjellander, P., 2017: The tree species matrix, influence on the level of herbivore browsing in mixed forest stands in southwest Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 32:1-5.
- Mazancourt, C., Isbell, F., Larocque, A., Berendse, F., Luca, E., Grace, J. B. et al., 2013: Predicting ecosystemstability from community composition and biodiversity. Ecology letters, 16:617-625.
- Meier, M., Stöhr, D., Walde, J., Tasser, E., 2017: Influence of ungulates on the vegetation composition and diversity of mixed deciduous and coniferous mountain forest in Austria. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 63:29.
- Menhinick, C. F., 1964: A comparison of some species- individuals diversity indices applied to samples of field insects. Ecology, 45:859-861.
- Motta, R., 1996: Impact of wild ungulates on forest regeneration and tree composition of mountain forests in the Western Italian Alps. Forest Ecology and Management, 88:93-98.
- Mikeska M. et al., 1999: Oblastní plán rozvoje lesů PLO - 25 Orlické hory. ÚHÚL Brandýs nad Labem - pobočka Hradec Králové, 224 p.
- Motta, R., 2003: Ungulate impact on rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) height structure in mountain forests in the eastern Italian Alps. Forest Ecology and Management, 181:139-150.
- Mountford, M. D., 1961: On E. C. Pielou’s index of nonrandomness. Journal of Ecology, 49:271-275.
- Nilsson, S. G., Niklasson, M., Hedin, J., Aronsson, G., Gutowski, J. M., Linder, P. et al., 2002: Densities of large living and dead trees in old-growth temperate and boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 161:189-204.
- Olesen, C. O., Madsen, P., 2008: The impact of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), seedbed, light and seed fall on natural beech (Fagus sylvatica) regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management, 255:3962-3972.
- Paluch, J. G., 2007: The spatial pattern of a natural European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) - silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) forest: A patch mosaic perspective. Forest Ecology and Management, 253:161-170.
- Pantič, D., Medarevič, M., Bankovič, S., Obradovič, S., Šlujkič, B., Pešič, B., 2011: Structural, production and dynamic characteristics of the strict forest reserve Račanska Šljivovica“ on Mt. Tara. Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, 103:93-114.
- Petráš, R., Pajtík, J., 1991: Sústava česko-slovenských objemových tabuliek drevín. Lesnícký časopis, 37:49-56.
- Pielou, E. C., 1959: The use of point-to-plant distances in the study of the pattern of plant populations. Journal of Ecology, 47:607-613.
- Pielou, E. C., 1975: Ecological diversity - 1st Ed. New York, Wiley, 165 p.
- Pretzsch, H., 2001: Modellierung des Waldwachstums. Berlin, Parey Buchverlag, 341 p.
- Remeš, J., Bílek, L., Novák, J., Vacek, Z., Vacek, S., Putalová, T., Koubek, L., 2015: Diameter increment of beech in relation to social position of trees, climate characteristics and thinning intensity. Journal of Forest Science, 61:456-464.
- Renaud, P. C., Dumont, B., Verheyden-Tixier, H., 2001: Do foliage high and structure of saplings affect feeding preferences of red deer Cervus elaphus? In: International Conference Conference on Forest Dynamics and Ungulate Herbivory. Davos, Switzerland, p. 236-348.
- Ripley, B. D., 1981: Spatial statistics. 1st Ed. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 252 p.
- Saniga, M., 1999: Štruktúra, produkčné a regeneračné procesy Dobročského pralesa. Zvolen, Technická univerzita: 64 p.
- Saniga, M., Zrak, J., Pittner, J., Balanda, M., 2013: Štruktúra, produkcia, regeneračné procesy a disturbačný režim prírodného lesa v NPR Skalná Alpa. Zvolen, Technická univerzita, 68 p.
- Senn, J., Suter, W., 2003: Ungulate browsing on silver fir (Abies alba) in the Swiss Alps: Beliefs in search of supporting data. Forest Ecology and Management, 181:151-164.
- Seymour, R. S., Hunter, M. L., 1999: Principles of ecological forestry. In: Hunter, M. L. (ed.): Maintaining Biodiversity in Forested Ecosystems. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, p. 22-61.
- Shannon, C. E., 1948: A mathematical theory of communications. Bell System Technical Journal, 27:379-423.
- Schulze, E. D., Bouriaud, O., Wäldchen, J., Eisenhauer, N., Walentowski, H., Seele, C. et al. 2014: Ungulate browsing causes species loss in deciduous forests independent of community dynamics and silvicultural management in Central and Southeastern Europe. Annals of Forest Research, 57:267-288.
- Splechtna, B. E., Gratzer, G., Black, B. A., 2005: Disturbance history of a European old‐growth mixedspecies forest - A spatial dendro‐ecological analysis. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16:511-522.
- Suzuki, M., Miyashita, T., Kabaya, H., Ochiai, K., Asada, M., Kikvidze, Z., 2013: Deer herbivory as an important driver of divergence of ground vegetation communities in temperate forests. Oikos, 122:104-110.
- Szwagrzyk, J., Czerwczak, M., 1993: Spatial patterns of trees in natural forests of East Central Europe. Journal of Vegetation Science, 4:469-476.
- Šebková, B., Šamonil, P., Janík, D., Adam, D., Král, K., Vrška, T. et al., 2011: Spatial and volume patterns of an unmanaged submontane mixed forest in Central Europe: 160 years of spontaneous dynamics. Forest Ecology and Management, 262:873-885.
- Štefančík, I., 2006: Changes in tree species composition, stand structure, qualitative and quantitative production of mixed spruce, fir and beech stand on Stará Píla research plot. Journal of Forest Science, 52:74-89.
- Štefančík, I., Vacek, S., Podrázský, V., Klouček, T., 2014: Kvantitatívna produkcia bukovej (Fagus sylvatica L.) žŕdkoviny v oblasti Vihorlatských vrchov. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 59:198-204.
- Štícha, V., Kupka, I., Zahradník, D., Vacek, S., 2010: Influence of micro-relief and weed competition on natural regeneration of mountain forests in the Šumava Mountains. Journal of Forest Science, 56:218-224.
- Tabaku, V., 2000: Struktur von Buchen-Urwäldern in Albanien im Vergleich mit deutschen Buchen-Naturwaldreservaten und Wirtschaftswäldern. Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen.
- Vacek, S., Černý, T., Vacek, Z., Podrázský, V., Mikeska, M., Králíček, K., 2017a: Long-term changes in vegetation and site conditions in beech and spruce forests of lower mountain ranges of Central Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 398:75-90.
- Vacek, S., Moucha, P. et al., 2012: Péče o lesní ekosystémy v chráněných územích ČR. Praha, Ministerstvo životního prostředí, 896 p.
- Vacek, S., Vacek, Z., Bílek, L., Nosková, I., Schwarz, O., 2010: Structure and development of forest stands on permanent research plots in the Krkonoše Mts. Journal of Forest Science, 56:518-530.
- Vacek, S., Vacek, Z., Bulušek, D., Bílek, L., Schwarz, O., Simon, J., Štícha, V., 2015: The role of shelterwood cutting and protection against game browsing for the regeneration of silver fir. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 132:81-102.
- Vacek, S., Vacek, Z., Podrázský, V., Bílek, L., Bulušek, D., Štefančík, I. et al., 2014b: Structural Diversity of Autochthonous Beech Forests in Broumovske Stěny National Nature Reserve, Czech Republic. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 131:191-214.
- Vacek, Z., Vacek, S., Remeš, J., Štefančík, I., Bulušek, D., Bílek, L., 2013: Struktura a vývoj lesních porostů v NPR Trčkov - CHKO Orlické hory, Česká republika. Lesnícky časopis - Forestry Journal, 59:249-264.
- Vacek, Z., Vacek, S., Bílek, L., Král, J., Remeš, J., Bulušek, D. et al., 2014a: Ungulate Impact on Natural Regeneration in Spruce-Beech-Fir Stands in Černý důl Nature Reserve in the Orlické Hory Mountains, Case Study from Central Sudetes. Forests, 5:2929-2946.
- Vacek, Z., Vacek, S., Bílek, L., Remeš, J., Štefančík, I., 2015: Changes in horizontal structure of natural beech forests on an altitudinal gradient in the Sudetes. Dendrobiology, 73:33-45.
- Vacek, Z., Bulušek, D., Vacek, S., Hejcmanová, P., Remeš, J., Bílek, L. et al., 2017b: Effect of microrelief and vegetation cover on natural regeneration in European beech forests in Krkonoše national parks (Czech Republic, Poland). Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 134:75-96.
- Vrška, T., Adam, D., Hort, L., Kolár, T., Janík, D., 2009: European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) rotation in the Carpathians - a developmental cycle or a linear trend induced by man? Forest Ecology and Management, 258:347-356.
- Vera, F. W. M., 2000: Grazing ecology and forest history. CABI Publishing, Oxon. 506 p.
- Vondřejc, M., 2008: Myslivost na majetcích Kristiny Colloredo-Mansfeldové. In: Listnaté porosty a Natura 2000. Vysoké Chvojno, p. 39-45
- Vrška, T., Hort, L., Odehnalová, P., Adam, D., Horal, D., 2001: Boubín virgin forest after 24 years (1972-1996) - deveplopment of tree layer. Journal of Forest Science, 47:439-456.
- Zeibig, A., Diaci, J., Wagner, S., 2005: Gap disturbance patterns of a Fagus sylvatica virgin forest remnant in the mountain vegetation belt of Slovenia. Forest Snow and Landscape Research, 79:69-80.
- Zielonka, T., Holeksa, J., Fleischer, P., Kapusta, P., 2010: A tree-ring reconstruction of wind disturbances in a forest of the Slovakian Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians. Journal of Vegetation Science, 21:31-42.