[1] Fizazi K, Greco FA, Pavlidis N, Pentheroudakis G. Cancers of unknown primary site: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2015 May 22];22 Suppl 6:vi64-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2190850710.1093/annonc/mdr38921908507
[2] Riihimäki M, Thomsen H, Hemminki A, Sundquist K, Hemminki K. Comparison of survival of patients with metastases from known versus unknown primaries: survival in metastatic cancer. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2015 Sep 30];13:36. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3565900&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract10.1186/1471-2407-13-36356590023356713
[3] Brustugun OT, Helland Å. Rapid reduction in the incidence of cancer of unknown primary. A population-based study. Acta Oncol [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2015 Sep 29];53(1):134-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2355095710.3109/0284186X.2013.78323023550957
[4] Mnatsakanyan E, Tung W-C, Caine B, Smith- Gagen J. Cancer of unknown primary: time trends in incidence, United States. Cancer Causes Control [Internet]. 2014 Jun [cited 2015 Sep 29];25(6):747-57. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2471066310.1007/s10552-014-0378-224710663
[5] Urban D, Rao A, Bressel M, Lawrence YR, Mileshkin L. Cancer of unknown primary: a population-based analysis of temporal change and socioeconomic disparities. Br J Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Sep 3 [cited 2015 Sep 29];109(5):1318-24. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3778275&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract10.1038/bjc.2013.386377827523860528
[6] Schwartz AM, Harpaz N. A primary approach to cancers of unknown primary. J Natl Cancer Inst [Internet]. 2013 Jul 5 [cited 2015 Jul 31];105(11):759-61. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2364104410.1093/jnci/djt11523641044
[7] Pentheroudakis G, Briasoulis E, Pavlidis N. Cancer of Unknown Primary Site: Missing Primary or Missing Biology? Oncologist [Internet]. 2007 Apr 1 [cited 2015 Sep 30];12(4):418-25. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1747068410.1634/theoncologist.12-4-41817470684
[8] Culine S, Kramar A, Saghatchian M, Bugat R, Lesimple T, Lortholary A, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic model to predict the length of survival in patients with carcinomas of an unknown primary site. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2002 Dec 15 [cited 2015 Jun 1];20(24):4679-83. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1248841310.1200/JCO.2002.04.01912488413
[10] Hess KR, Abbruzzese MC, Lenzi R, Raber MN, Abbruzzese JL. Classification and regression tree analysis of 1000 consecutive patients with unknown primary carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 1999;5(11):3403-10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10589751
[11] Trivanovic D, Petkovic M, Stimac D. Low serum albumin levels and liver metastasis are powerful prognostic markers for survival in patients with carcinomas of unknown primary site. Cancer [Internet]. 2007 Jun 15 [cited 2015 Sep 30];109(12):2623-4; author reply 2624. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1748785810.1002/cncr.2270917487858
[12] Seve P, Ray-Coquard I, Trillet-Lenoir V, Sawyer M, Hanson J, Broussolle C, et al. Low serum albumin levels and liver metastasis are powerful prognostic markers for survival in patients with carcinomas of unknown primary site. Cancer [Internet]. 2006 Dec 1 [cited 2015 Sep 30];107(11):2698-705. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1706350010.1002/cncr.2230017063500
[13] Lu H-J, Chen K-W, Tzeng C-H, Liu J-H, Chiou T-J, Yen C-C, et al. Evaluation of prognosis for carcinoma of unknown origin in elderly patients. Oncology [Internet]. 2012 Jan [cited 2015 Sep 30];83(1):24-30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2272248410.1159/00033798322722484
[14] Chen K-W, Liu C-J, Lu H-J, Tzeng C-H, Liu J-H, Chiou T-J, et al. Evaluation of prognostic factors and the role of chemotherapy in unfavorable carcinoma of unknown primary site: a 10-year cohort study. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2012 Jan [cited 2015 Sep 30];5:70. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3331815&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract10.1186/1756-0500-5-70333181522280526
[15] Penel N, Negrier S, Ray-Coquard I, Ferte C, Devos P, Hollebecque A, et al. Development and validation of a bedside score to predict early death in cancer of unknown primary patients. PLoS One [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2015 Sep 30];4(8):e6483. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2715134&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract10.1371/journal.pone.0006483271513419649260
[16] Kodaira M, Takahashi S, Yamada S, Ueda K, Mishima Y, Takeuchi K, et al. Bone metastasis and poor performance status are prognostic factors for survival of carcinoma of unknown primary site in patients treated with systematic chemotherapy. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2010 Jun [cited 2015 Sep 30];21(6):1163-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2001908810.1093/annonc/mdp58320019088
[17] Fernandez-Cotarelo MJ, Guerra-Vales JM, Colina F, de la Cruz J. Prognostic factors in cancer of unknown primary site. Tumori [Internet]. Jan [cited 2015 Sep 30];96(1):111-6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2043786710.1177/030089161009600118
[18] Van de Wouw AJ, Jansen RLH, Griffioen AW, Hillen HFP. Clinical and immunohistochemical analysis of patients with unknown primary tumour. A search for prognostic factors in UPT. Anticancer Res [Internet]. Jan [cited 2015 Sep 30];24(1):297-301. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015611
[19] Petrakis D, Pentheroudakis G, Voulgaris E, Pavlidis N. Prognostication in cancer of unknown primary (CUP): development of a prognostic algorithm in 311 cases and review of the literature. Cancer Treat Rev [Internet]. 2013 Nov [cited 2015 Sep 30];39(7):701-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2356657310.1016/j.ctrv.2013.03.00123566573
[20] Trivanović D, Petkovic M, Stimac D. New prognostic index to predict survival in patients with cancer of unknown primary site with unfavourable prognosis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) [Internet]. 2009 Mar [cited 2015 Sep 30];21(1):43-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1897689410.1016/j.clon.2008.09.00718976894
[21] Randén M, Helde-Frankling M, Runesdotter S, Gunvén P. Unfavorable cancers of unknown primaries: presentation and prognostic factors. A population-based 8-year experience. Med Oncol [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2015 Sep 30];30(4):706. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2404593110.1007/s12032-013-0706-524045931
[22] Hogan BA, Thornton FJ, Brannigan M, Browne TJ, Pender S, O’Kelly P, et al. Hepatic metastases from an unknown primary neoplasm (UPN): survival, prognostic indicators and value of extensive investigations. Clin Radiol [Internet]. 2002 Dec [cited 2015 Sep 30];57(12):1073-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1247553110.1053/crad.2002.108512475531
[23] Pavlidis N. Optimal therapeutic management of patients with distinct clinicopathological cancer of unknown primary subsets. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2012 Sep [cited 2015 Sep 30];23 Suppl 1:x282-5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2298797810.1093/annonc/mds317
[25] Varadhachary G. Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site: The Poster Child for Personalized Medicine? JAMA Oncol [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1 [cited 2015 Aug 18];1(1):19-21. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2618229910.1001/jamaoncol.2014.277
[26] Hainsworth JD, Rubin MS, Spigel DR, Boccia R V, Raby S, Quinn R, et al. Molecular gene expression profiling to predict the tissue of origin and direct site-specific therapy in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site: a prospective trial of the Sarah Cannon research institute. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2013 Jan 10 [cited 2015 Sep 30];31(2):217-23. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2303262510.1200/JCO.2012.43.3755
[27] Greco FA. Cancer of unknown primary site: improved patient management with molecular and immunohistochemical diagnosis. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2015 Sep 30];175-81. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2371449310.14694/EdBook_AM.2013.33.175
[28] Stella GM, Senetta R, Cassenti A, Ronco M, Cassoni P. Cancers of unknown primary origin: current perspectives and future therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2012 Jan [cited 2015 Jun 1];10:12. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3315427&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract10.1186/1479-5876-10-12
[29] Schapira D V, Jarrett AR. The need to consider survival, outcome, and expense when evaluating and treating patients with unknown primary carcinoma. Arch Intern Med [Internet]. 1995 Oct 23 [cited 2015 Jun 1];155(19):2050-4. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/757506310.1001/archinte.155.19.2050
[30] Hamilton CS, Langlands AO. ACUPS (adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site): a clinical and cost benefit analysis. Int J Radiat 1 Hamilt CS, Langlands AO ACUPS (adenocarcinoma Unkn Prim site) a Clin cost benefit Anal Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys [Internet] 1987 Oct [cited 2015 Jun 1];13(10)1497-503 Available from ht [Internet]. 1987 Oct [cited 2015 Jun 1];13(10):1497-503. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/311418110.1016/0360-3016(87)90317-8
[31] Greco FA, Oien K, Erlander M, Osborne R, Varadhachary G, Bridgewater J, et al. Cancer of unknown primary: progress in the search for improved and rapid diagnosis leading toward superior patient outcomes. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2012 Feb [cited 2015 May 22];23(2):298-304. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2170913810.1093/annonc/mdr30621709138
[32] Pavlidis N, Pentheroudakis G, Plataniotis G. Cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown primary site: a favourable prognosis subset of patients with CUP. Clin Transl Oncol [Internet]. 2009 Jun [cited 2015 Jun 1];11(6):340-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1953144810.1007/s12094-009-0367-119531448
[33] Varadhachary GR, Abbruzzese JL, Lenzi R. Diagnostic strategies for unknown primary cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 2004 May 1 [cited 2015 Jun 1];100(9):1776-85. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1511225610.1002/cncr.2020215112256
[34] Handorf CR, Kulkarni A, Grenert JP, Weiss LM, Rogers WM, Kim OS, et al. A multicenter study directly comparing the diagnostic accuracy of gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry for primary site identification in metastatic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol [Internet]. 2013 Jul [cited 2015 Sep 30];37(7):1067-75. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2364846410.1097/PAS.0b013e31828309c4526658923648464
[35] Oien KA, Dennis JL. Diagnostic work-up of carcinoma of unknown primary: from immunohistochemistry to molecular profiling. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2012 Sep [cited 2015 Sep 14];23 Suppl 1:x271-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2298797510.1093/annonc/mds35722987975
[36] Varadhachary G. New Strategies for Carcinoma of Unknown Primary: The Role of Tissue-of-Origin Molecular Profiling. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2013 Mar 21 [cited 2015 Sep 30];19(15):4027-33. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2351989810.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-303023519898
[37] Boyland L, Davis C. Patients’ experiences of carcinoma of unknown primary site: dealing with uncertainty. Palliat Med [Internet]. 2008 Mar [cited 2015 Sep 30];22(2):177-83. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1837238210.1177/026921630708534118372382
[38] Hyphantis T, Papadimitriou I, Petrakis D, Fountzilas G, Repana D, Assimakopoulos K, et al. Psychiatric manifestations, personality traits and health-related quality of life in cancer of unknown primary site. Psychooncology [Internet]. 2013 Sep [cited 2015 Sep 30];22(9):2009-15. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359412 10.1002/pon.324423359412