References
- 1. Hoffmann, D. and I. Hoffmann: The Changing Ciga-rette: Chemical Studies and Bioassays, Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar; US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA (2001) pp. 159-192.
- 2. Burns D., E. Dybing, N. Gray, S. Hecht, C. Anderson, T. Sanner, R. O'Connor, M. Djordjevic, C. Dresler, and P. Hainaut: Mandated Lowering of Toxicants in Ciga-rette Smoke: A Description of the World Health Organization TobReg Proposal; Tob. Control 17 (2008) 132-141.
- 3. Baker, R. R.: Smoke Generation Inside a Burning Cigarette: Modifying Combustion to Develop Ciga-rettes That May be Less Hazardous to Health; Prog. Energ. Combust. 32 (2006) 373-385.
- 4. Baker, R. R.: Smoke Chemistry; Chapter 12 in: Tobacco: Production, Chemistry and Technology, edited by D. L. Davis and M. T. Nielsen, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 1999, 398-439.
- 5. Borgerding, M. and H. Klus: Analysis of Complex Mixtures - Cigarette Smoke; Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 57 (2005) 43-73.
- 6. Perfetti, T. A. and A. Rodgman: The Complexity of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 24 (2011) 215-232.
- 7. Rodgman, A. and T. A. Perfetti: The Chemical Compo-nents of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke; CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA (2013).
- 8. Egerton, A., K. Gugan, and F. Weinberg: The Mecha-nism of Smouldering in Cigarettes; Combust. Flame. 7 (1963) 63-78.
- 9. Lendvay, A. T. and T. S. Laszlo: Cigarette Peak Coal Temperature Measurements; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 7 (1974) 276-281.
- 10. Laszlo, T. S. and F. M. Watson III: A Scanning Infrared Technique for Cigarette Coal Peak Temperature Mea-surements; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 7 (1974) 269-275.
- 11. Baker, R. R.: Temperature Distribution Inside a Burning Cigarette; Nature 247 (1974) 405-406.
- 12. Baker, R. R.: Temperature Variation Within a Cigarette Combustion Coal During the Smoking Cycle; High Temp. Sci. 7 (1975) 236-247.
- 13. Muramatsu, M.: Studies on the Transport Phenomena in Naturally Smoldering Cigarettes; Kenkyu Hokoku, Scientific Papers of the Central Research Institute, Japan Tobacco & Salt Public Corporation, 1981.
- 14. Green, C. R., J. N. Schumacher, R. A. Lloyd Jr, and A. Rodgman: Comparisons of the Composition of Tobacco Smoke and the Smokes From Various Tobacco Substi-tutes; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 22 (2007) 258-289.
- 15. Green, C. R., J. N. Schumacher, and A. Rodgman: The Expansion of Tobacco and Its Effect on Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Properties; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 22 (2007) 317-345.
- 16. Norman, A.: Cigarette Design and Materials; Chapter 11B in: Tobacco: Production, Chemistry and Technology, edited by D. L. Davis and M. T. Nielsen, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 1999, pp. 353-387.
- 17. Branton, P. J., K. G. McAdam, M. G. Duke, C. Liu, M. Curle, M. Mola, C. J. Proctor, and R. H. Bradley: Use of Classical Adsorption Theory to Understand the Dy-namic Filtration of Volatile Toxicants in Cigarette Smoke by Active Carbons; Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 29 (2011) 117-138.
- 18. Scherer, G.: Smoking Behaviour and Compensation: A Review of the Literature; Psychopharmacology 145 (1999) 1-20.
- 19. Baker, R. R. and L. S. Lewis: A Review of the Incidence and Consequences of Cigarette Filter Vent Blocking Among Smokers; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2001) 209-228.
- 20. ECLIPSE Expert Panel: A Safer Cigarette? A Comparative Study. A Consensus Report; Inhal. Toxicol. 12, Suppl. 5 (2000) 1-48.
- 21. International Organisation for Standardization (ISO): ISO/NP TR 19478. ISO and Health Canada Intense Smoking Parameters – Results of an International Machine Smoking Study; ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
- 22. Riley, D. S, D. G. Drake, R. R. Baker, and D. P. Robinson: Non-Darcy Flow and Diffusion in a Tobacco Rod; Physicochem. Hydrodyn. 7 (1986) 255-279.
- 23. Li, B., H. R. Pang, J. Xing, B. Wang, C. Liu, K. G. McAdam, and J. P. Xie: Effect of Reduced Ignition Propensity Paper Bands on Cigarette Burning Temperatures; Thermochim. Acta 579 (2014) 93-99.
- 24. Li, B., H. R. Pang, L. C. Zhao, B. Wang, C. Liu, K. G. McAdam, and D. S. Luo: Quantifying Gas-Phase Tem-perature Inside a Burning Cigarette; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53 (2014) 7810-7820.
- 25. Rosin, P. and E. Rammler: The Laws Governing the Fineness of Powdered Coal; J. Inst. Fuel. 7 (1933) 29-36.
- 26. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): International Standard ISO 3308:2000. Routine Analyti-cal Cigarette-Smoking Machine – Definition and Standard Conditions; 4th Edition, ISO, Geneva, Swit-zerland, 2000.
- 27. Baker, R. R. and M. Dixon: The Retention of Tobacco Smoke Constituents in the Human Respiratory Tract; Inhal. Toxicol. 18 (2006) 255-294.
- 28. Stotesbury, S. J., H. Digard, L. J. Willoughby, and A. Couch: The Pyrolysis of Tobacco Additives as a Means of Predicting Their Behaviour in A Burning Cigarette; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 18 (1999) 147-163.
- 29. Stotesbury, S. J., L. J. Willoughby, and A. Couch: Pyrolysis of Cigarette Ingredients Labelled with Stable Isotopes; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2000) 55-64.
- 30. Hertz, R., T. Streibel, C. Liu, K. McAdam, and R. Zimmermann: Microprobe Sampling - Photo Ioni-zation-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for In Situ Chemical Analysis of Pyrolysis and Combustion Gases: Examination of the Thermo-Chemical Processes Within a Burning Cigarette; Anal. Chim. Acta. 714 (2012) 104-113.
- 31. University of Kentucky: College of Agriculture, Refe-rence Cigarette Program; available at: http://www2. ca. uky. edu/refcig (accessed December 2014).