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- Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis, Minn: University of Minnesota Press.
- Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social organization of culture difference. Boston: Little, Brown.
- Baird, J. (2014). Chao Fa movies: The transnational production of Hmong American history and identity. Hmong Studies Journal, 15(1), 1–24.
- Bromber, K. (2013). Working with “Translocality”: Conceptual implications and analytical consequences. In S. Wippel (Eds.), Regionalizing Oman (pp 63–72). Springer Netherlands.
- Chan, S. (1994). Hmong means free: Life in Laos and America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
- Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural anthropology, 9(3), 302–338.
- Clifford, J. (1997). Routes: Travel and translation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Davidson, J. (1993). Hmong ethnohistory: An historical study of Hmong culture and its implications for ministry (Laotian). UMI Dissertation Information Services. Fuller Theological Seminary, School Of World Mission.
- Dunnigan, T. & Olney, D. (1985). Hmong. In D. W. Haines (Eds.), Refugees in the United States (pp. 111–125). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Ellis, M. A. (2016). Liaj luv chaw tsaws: A model magazine of Hmong unity. Retrieved from http://www.michaelandrewellis.com/2016/02/01/liaj-luv-chaw-tsaws-a-model-magazine-of-hmong-unity/.
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- Geddes, William R. (1976). Migrants of the mountains: The cultural ecology of the blue Miao (Hmong Njua) of Thailand. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Greiner, C & Sakdapolrak, P. (2013). Translocality: Concepts, applications and emerging research perspectives. Geography Compass, 7 (5), 373–384.
- Heimbach, E. (1969). White Hmong-English dictionary. Ithaca: New York.
- Julian, R. (2003). Transnational identities in the Hmong diaspora. In T. J. Scase, T. J. M. Holden, & S. Baum (Eds.), Globalization, culture and inequality in Asia. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.
- Lee, G. Y. (1986). Culture and adaptation: Hmong refugees in Australia. In G. L. Hendricks, B. T. Downing & A. S. Deinard (Eds.), The Hmong in transition (pp.55–71). New York: Center for migration studies of New York, Inc.
- Lee, G. Y. (Fall 1996). Cultural identity in post-modern society: Reflection on what is Hmong. Hmong Studies Journal, 1 (1), 1–14.
- Lee, G. Y. (2005a). Diaspora and the predicament of origins: Interrogating Hmong postcolonial history and identity. Hmong Studies Journal, 8, 1–25
- Lee, G. Y. (2005b). Hmong post-war identity production: Heritage maintenance and cultural reinterpretation. In Stanley-Price, N, ed. Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery (Rome: ICCROM, 2007). Retrieved from http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Culture/Hmong%20Postwar%20Identity%20Production.html
- Lee, M. (2015). Dreams of the Hmong kingdom: The quest for legitimation in French Indochina, 1850-1960. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
- Lee, S. (2009). Searching for the Hmong people’s ethnic homeland and multiple dimensions of transnational longing: From the viewpoint of the Hmong in Laos. Hmong Studies Journal, 9, 1–18.
- Leepreecha, P. (2014). Hmong across borders or borders across Hmong? Social and political influences upon Hmong people: Keynote speech by Dr. Prasit.
- Leepreecha, at the Hmong Across Borders Conference, University of Minnesota, October 4, 2013. Hmong Studies Journal, 15 (2), 1–12.
- Lemoine, J. (2005). What is the actual number of the (H)mong in the World. Hmong Studies Journal, 6, 1–8.
- Mottin, J. (1980). History of the Hmong. Bangkok: Odeon Store.
- Ngo, T. (2015). Missionary encounters at the China-Vietnam border: The case of the Hmong. Cultural Diversity in China, 2015(1), 68–83.
- Quincy K. (1988). Hmong: History of a people. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington University Press.
- Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in modern societies: Myths of homeland and return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1(1), 83–99.
- Schein, L. (1986). The Miao in contemporary China: A preliminary overview. In G. Hendricks, B. Downing, & A. Deinard (Eds.), The Hmong in transition (pp.73–85). Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc.
- Schein, L. (1998). Minority rules: The Miao and the feminine in China’s cultural politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Schein, L. (2002). Approaches to transnationalism and diaspora research: Researching the Hmong diaspora’s longing for a Chinese homeland. In Pal Nyiri, (Eds.), China inside out (On-line textbook). Budapest: Central European University Press.
- Schein, L. (2004). Hmong/Miao transnationality: Identity beyond culture. In N. Tapp, J. Michaud, C. Culas, & G.Y. Lee (Eds.) Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 273–294.
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- Stuart-Fox, M. (2003). A short history of China and Southeast Asia. NSM, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
- Tapp, N., & Cohn, D. (Eds.). (2003). The tribal peoples of Southeast Asia: Chinese views of the other within. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press.
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- Van der Veer, P. (1995). Nation and migration: Politics of space in the south Asian diaspora. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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- Yang, K. (2005). Research notes from the field: Tracing the path of the ancestors – A visit to the Hmong in China. Hmong Studies Journal, 6,1–38.
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