Association of the Apolipoprotein A-I gene polymorphisms with cardiovascular disease risk factors and atherogenic indices in patients from assam, Northeast India

Bora, K; Pathak, MS; Borah, P; Hussain, Md.I; Das, D

doi:10.1515/bjmg-2017-0002

Figures & Tables

Polyacrylamide gel (12.0%) picture showing restriction fragments of various sizes, representing the different genotypes obtained for the G-75A/C+83T polymorphic sites. Lane M: 50 bp DNA lane marker (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA); lanes 1, 5, 6 and 8: GG/CC (46, 66, 114 and 209 bp fragments); lanes 2, 4 and 7: GA/CC (46, 66, 114, 18 and 209 bp fragments; lane 3: AA/CC (46, 180 and 209 bp fragments); lane 9: GG/CT (46, 66, 114, 209 and 255 bp fragments). No TT genotype for the C+83T site was detected in the study.

Baseline characteristics of the study subjects_ (Values are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%)_ Categorical variables were compared by the χ2 test_ Continuous variables were compared by unpaired t-test_)

	Study Subjects (n = 200)

Variables	Case Group (n = 100)	Control Group (n = 100)	p Value
Age (years)	43.12 ± 11.64	42.95 ± 11.60	0.92

Sex
males	66 (66.0%)	61 (61.0%)	0.56
females	34 (34.0%)	39 (39.0%)	0.56

Smokers
yes	35 (35.0%)	25 (25.0%)	0.16
no	65 (65.0%)	75 (75.0%)	0.16

Alcohol use
yes	20 (20.0%)	32 (32.0%)	0.08
no	80 (80.0%)	68 (68.0%)	0.08

Body mass index (kg/m²)	24.79 ± 3.08	22.07 ± 3.18	<0.05

Waist circumference (cm)	87.14 ± 5.89	80.72 ± 6.06	<0.05

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	133.58 ± 16.44	117.86 ± 8.53	<0.05

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	84.32 ± 8.84	77.20 ± 5.92	<0.05

HDL-C (mg/dL)	30.87 ± 5.19	54.61 ± 12.17	<0.05

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	175.54 ± 35.98	160.79 ± 25.70	<0.05

Triglycerides (mg/dL)	145.95 ± 29.39	95.35 ± 23.55	<0.05

LDL-C (mg/dL)	116.41 ± 28.19	87.37 ± 22.96	<0.05

VLDL-C (mg/dL)	29.12 ± 7.62	19.03 ± 5.90	<0.05

Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)	144.67 ± 32.47	106.18 ± 24.83	<0.05

Castelli’s risk index I	5.71 ± 0.87	3.04 ± 0.65	<0.05

Castelli’s risk index II	3.78 ± 0.79	1.68 ± 0.56	<0.05

Atherogenic index of plasma	0.66 ± 0.13	0.26 ± 0.14	<0.05

Atherogenic coefficient	4.71 ± 0.87	2.04 ± 0.65	<0.05

Influence of C+83T polymorphism on cardiovascular risk factors_ [Values are expressed as adjusted mean±SE_ Adjusted means compared between genotypes by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)_ Statistically significant (p <0_05) differences among genotypes are highlighted in bold_ Furthermore, means in a genotype column bearing an ‘a’ or ‘b’ as a superscript are significantly different_]

Phenotypic Variables	Case Group (n = 100)		Control Group (n = 100)		Study Subjects (n = 200)
Lipid Profile
	CC	CT	CC	CT	CC	CT
HDL-C Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, TG, WC and BMI as covariates.	30.8 ± 0.4	31.1 ± 1.1	54.7 ± 1.2	53.7 ± 3.1	43.1 ± 0.9	39.9 ± 2.5
TC Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	176.5 ± 3.9	167.8 ± 11.2	162.6 ± 2.7	148.4 ± 7.1	169.7 ± 2.4	157.2 ± 6.5
TG Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	148.8^a ± 123.2	123.2^b ± 11.4	96.6 ± 3.0	87.1 ± 7.9	122.7^a± 2.9	105.3^b ± 7.9
LDL-C Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	116.9 ± 3.2	112.4 ± 9.1	88.7 ± 2.5	78.6 ± 6.4	102.9 ± 2.2	94.8 ± 5.9
VLDL-C Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	29.7^a ± 0.8	24.7^b ± 2.3	19.3 ± 0.6	17.3 ± 1.6	24.5^a ± 0.6	21.1^b ± 1.6

Atherogenic Indices
Non-HDL-C Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	145.6 ± 3.5	137.5 ± 10.1	107.7 ± 2.7	95.9 ± 6.9	126.7 ± 2.5	116.2 ± 6.8
CRI-I Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	5.7 ± 0.1	5.6 ± 0.3	3.1 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.2	4.4 ± 0.1	4.2 ± 0.3
CRI-II Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	3.8 ± 0.1	3.8 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 0.2	2.7 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 0.2
AIP Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	0.67^a ± 0.01	0.59^b ± 0.04	0.27 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.04	0.47^a ± 0.01	0.41^b ± 0.03
AC Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	4.7 ± 0.1	4.6 ± 0.3	2.1 ± 0.1	1.8 ± 0.2	3.4 ± 0.1	3.2 ± 0.2
Obesity Indices
BMI Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, HDL-C and TG as covariates.	24.9 ± 0.3	23.5 ± 0.9	22.1 ± 0.3	22.1 ± 0.9	23.5 ± 0.3	22.8 ± 0.7
WC Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, HDL-C and TG as covariates.	87.3 ± 0.6	85.5 ± 1.7	80.6 ± 0.6	81.4 ± 1.7	84.0 ± 0.5	83.3 ± 1.4

Blood Pressure
Systolic BP Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, HDL-C, TG, BMI and WC as covariates.	133.6 ± 1.7	133.7 ± 4.9	117.7 ± 0.8	119.1 ± 2.2	125.6 ± 1.0	126.3 ± 28
Diastolic BP Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, HDL-C, TG, BMI and WC as covariates.	83.8 ± 0.9	88.3 ± 2.7	77.0 ± 0.6	77.9 ± 1.5	80.4 ± 0.6	82.9 ± 1.6

Influence of G-75A polymorphism on cardiovascular risk factors_ [Values are expressed as adjusted mean±standard error (SE)_ Adjusted means compared between genotypes by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)_ Statistically significant (p <0_05) differences among genotypes are highlighted in bold_ Furthermore, means in a genotype column bearing an ‘a’ or ‘b’ as a superscript are significantly different_]

Phenotypic Variables	Case Group (n = 100)			Control Group (n = 100)			Study Subjects (n = 200)
Lipid Profile
	GG	GA	AA	GG	GA	AA	GG	GA	AA
HDL-C Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, TG, WC and BMI as covariates.	30.7±0.5	31.3±0.6	29.5±2.3	55.4±1.5	54.8±2.0	47.0±4.6	42.7±1.1	42.9±1.5	42.2±3.9
TC Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	179.0±4.7	172.9±6.3	134.9±21.9	156.5±3.3	166.1±4.5	172.9±10.1	168.2±2.9	169.2±3.9	161.3±10.5
TG Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	145.5±4.9	148.1±6.7	129.6±23.2	93.8±3.7	94.9±4.9	110.3±11.2	120.4±3.5	121.1±4.8	121.5±12.7
LDL-C Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	120.7±3.8	113.3±5.1	87.2±17.8	82.7^a±2.9	92.2^b±3.9	105.1^b±8.9	102.4±2.7	101.6±3.6	97.9±9.6
VLDL-C Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	29.0±0.9	29.6±1.3	25.8±4.7	18.7±0.7	18.9±0.9	21.9±2.2	24.2±2.5	24.2±0.9	24.0±0.7

Atherogenic Indices
Non-HDL-C Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	147.9±4.2	141.9±5.7	109.5±19.8	101.1^a±3.2	111.3^{a, b}±4.3	125.9^b±9.7	125.5±3.1	126.1±4.1	120.2±10.9
CRI-I Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	5.8±0.1	5.6±0.2	5.4±0.5	2.9^a±0.1	3.1^a±0.1	3.7^b±0.2	4.4±0.1	4.3±0.2	4.1±0.5
CRI-II Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	3.9±0.1	3.6±0.1	3.4±0.5	1.6^a±0.1	1.8^{a, b}±0.1	2.2^b±0.2	2.8±0.1	2.7±0.1	2.5±0.4
AIP Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	0.66±0.02	0.67±0.02	0.69±0.08	0.24±0.02	0.26±0.02	0.36±0.05	0.46±0.02	0.46±0.03	0.48±0.07
AC Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, WC and BMI as covariates.	4.8±0.1	4.6±0.2	4.4±0.5	1.9^a±0.1	2.1^a±0.1	2.7^b±0.2	3.4±0.1	3.3±0.2	3.1±0.5

Obesity Indices
BMI Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, HDL-C and TG as covariates.	24.5±0.4	25.1±0.5	26.3±1.9	21.9±0.4	22.3±0.6	21.9±1.3	23.3±0.3	23.7±0.4	23.1±1.1
WC Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, HDL-C and TG as covariates.	86.7±0.7	88.3±0.9	83.7±3.4	80.6±0.8	80.8±1.1	81.2±2.4	83.7±0.6	84.6±0.8	81.7±2.2

Blood Pressure
Systolic BP Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, HDL-C, TG, BMI and WC as covariates.	135.4±2.1	130.7±2.8	129.1±9.7	118.1±1.0	117.2±1.4	118.7±3.1	127.0±1.2	124.0±1.6	121.5±4.5
Diastolic BP Means adjusted taking age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, TC, HDL-C, TG, BMI and WC as covariates.	85.1±1.1	83.7±1.6	77.2±5.4	77.1±0.7	77.1±0.9	78.3±2.2	120.4±3.5	80.3±0.9	78.4±2.4

Association of decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol with G-75A and C+83T polymorphisms under different genetic models_ [Values are expressed as n (%) or OR (95% CI)_]

SNPs	Model	Genotype/Allele	Case	Control	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR Odds ratio was adjusted for gender, age, smoking, alcohol use, WC, BMI, TC and TG. In every model, for each OR value, the corresponding 95% CI extended across 1. None of the OR values were statistically significant (p >0.05). (95% CI)
G-75A	Additive: GG vs. GA vs. AA	GGGAAA	62 (62.0%)35 (35.0%)3 (3.0%)	60 (60.0%)33 (33.0%)7 (7.0%)	reference1.03 (0.57-1.86)0.42 (0.10-1.68)	reference0.82 (0.36-1.88)0.23 (0.04-1.24)
	Dominant: GG vs. (GA + AA)	GGGA +AA	62 (62.0%)38 (38.0%)	60 (60.0%)40 (40.0%)	reference0.92 (0.52-1.63)	reference0.67 (0.30-1.47)
	Recessive: (GG + GA) vs. AA	GG + GAAA	97 (97.0%)3 (3.0%)	93 (93.0%)7 (7.0%)	reference0.41 (0.08-1.62)	reference0.24 (0.05-1.29)
	Allelic: G vs. A	GA	159 (79.5%)41 (20.5%)	153 (76.5%)47 (23.5%)	reference0.84 (0.52-1.35)	reference0.61 (0.32-1.17)
C+83 T	CC vs. CT	CCCT	89 (89.0%)11 (11.0%)	87 (87.0%)13 (13.0%)	reference0.83 (0.34-1.97)	reference1.66 (0.54-5.13)
	Allelic: C vs.T	CT	189 (94.5%)11 (5.5%)	187 (93.5%)13 (6.5%)	reference0.84 (0.36-1.94)	reference1.58 (0.54-4.59)

The distribution of G-75A and C+83T polymorphisms in the case and control groups_ [Values are expressed as n (%)_]

		Genotype Frequency			Allelic Frequency
SNPs	Group	GG	GA	AA	G	A
G-75A	Case	62 (62.0%)	35 (35.0%)	3 (3.0%)	159 (79.5%)	41 (20.5%)
	Control	60 (60.0%)	33 (33.0%)	7 (7.0%)	153 (76.5%)	47 (23.5%)
		χ² = 1.692 (df = 2; p = 0.43			χ² = 0.364 (df = 1; p = 0.55)

		CC	CT	TT	C	T
C+83T	Case	89 (89.0%)	11 (11.0%)	–	189 (94.5%)	11 (5.5%)
	Control	87 (87.0%)	13 (13.0%)	–	187 (93.5%)	13 (6.5%)
		χ² = 0.047 (df = 1; p = 0.83)			χ² = 0.044 (df = 1; p = 0.83)

		Diplotype Frequency
		GG/CC	GA/CC	AA/CC	GG/CT	GA/CT
Combined	Case	54 (54.0%)	32 (32.0%)	3 (3.0%)	8 (8.0%)	3 (3.0%)
	Control	50 (50.0%)	30 (30.0%)	7 (7.0%)	10 (10.0%)	3 (3.0%)
				χ² = 2.041 (df = 4; p = 0.73)

Association of the Apolipoprotein A-I gene polymorphisms with cardiovascular disease risk factors and atherogenic indices in patients from assam, Northeast India

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Baseline characteristics of the study subjects_ (Values are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%)_ Categorical variables were compared by the χ2 test_ Continuous variables were compared by unpaired t-test_)

Association of decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol with G-75A and C+83T polymorphisms under different genetic models_ [Values are expressed as n (%) or OR (95% CI)_]

The distribution of G-75A and C+83T polymorphisms in the case and control groups_ [Values are expressed as n (%)_]

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