Polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (rs4340) and diabetic nephropathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Parameters	Cases (DN+)	Controls (DN–)	p Value
Number	276	375
Gender (% males)	59.1	52.4	0.1
Age (years)	64.75 ± 9.15	63.75 ± 8.0	0.13
Duration of T2DM (years)	14.71 ± 7.97	14.60 ± 6.73	0.84
Duration of hypertension (years)	12.23 ± 9.88	10.52 ± 8.22	0.02
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	155.27 ± 18.92	149.84 ± 19.63	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	84.87 ± 11.63	84.06 ± 11.42	0.36
Body mass index	31.30 ± 4.68	30.77 ± 5.00	0.23
Active smokers (%)	6.6	8.9	0.31
Serum Hb A_1c (%)a	7.98 ± 1.38	7.65 ± 1.14	0.001
Serum-fasting glucose (mmol/L)	9.03 ± 2.76	8.51 ± 2.53	0.01
Hb (g/dL)	13.94 ± 1.49	13.94 ± 1.29	0.99
Serum urea (mmol/L)	7.35 ± 3.73	6.26 ± 1.91	<0.001
Serum creatinine (µmol/L):	93.13 ± 58.21	78.44 ± 20.15	<0.001
Malesb	101.57 ± 61.84b	84.28 ± 19.93b	<0.001b
Femalesc	79.70 ± 49.21c	71.91 ± 18.35c	<0.001
eGFR (MDRD equation; mL/min.):	72.60 ± 19.74	75.22 ± 15.16	0.22
Malesb	71.97 ± 19.45b	77.66 ± 14.33b	0.002b
Femalesc	74.31 ± 20.72c	72.45 ± 15.69c	0.13c
Serum cystatin C (mg/L)	0.95 ± 0.48	0.78 ± 0.21	<0.001
Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.62 ± 1.17	4.55 ± 0.99	0.42
Serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.23 ± 0.35	1.26 ± 0.36	0.29
Serum LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.59 ± 0.95	2.57 ± 0.80	0.73
Serum TG cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.08 ± 1.60	1.83 ± 1.24	0.04
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (g/mol); sample #1	27.49 ± 55.46	1.57 ± 3.05	<0.001
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (g/mol); sample #2	23.13 ± 39.34	1.60 ± 3.67	<0.001
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (g/mol); sample #3	23.36 ± 42.49	1.62 ± 2.49	<0.001

DN+: cases; DN–: controls; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; Hb: hemoglobin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD: modification diet in renal disease; HDL: high-density lipoproteins; LDL: low-density lipoproteins; TG: triglycerides. The values represent mean ± SD (standard deviation); statistically significant results are bold.

a The average value for Hb A_1c.

b Comparison of men who are DN+ vs. men who are DN–.

c Comparison women who are DN+ vs. women who are DN–.

b Comparison of men who are DN+ vs. men who are DN–.

c Comparison women who are DN+ vs. women who are DN–.

Table 2

Distribution of the rs4340 genotypes and alleles in DN+ patients (cases) and in DN– controls.

Parameters	Cases (n = 276)	Controls (n = 375)	p Value
rs4340
DD genotype (%)	90 (32.8)	115 (30.7)
ID genotype (%)	143 (51.7)	169 (45.0)	0.02
II genotype (%)	43 (25.5)	91 (24.3)
D allele (%)	323 (58.5)	399 (53.2)	0.06
I allele (%)	229 (41.5)	351 (46.8)
PHWEa	0.3	0.07

a PHWE: values were computed using Pearson’s goodness-of-fit χ² (1 df) test.

Table 3

Association of rs4340 polymorphisms with DN in Caucasians with logistic regression.

Inheritance Model	Genotype	Cases (n=276)	Controls (n=375)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)/p Value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)/p Valuea
rs4340
Codominant	DD	90 (32.8%)	115 (30.7%)	1.03 (0.39-2.72)/0.9	0.80 (0.29-2.25)/0.7
	ID	143 (51.7%)	169 (45.0%)	1.54 (0.61-3.90)/0.4	1.32 (0.49-3.53)/0.6
	II	43 (15.5%)	91 (24.3)	Reference	Reference

OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.

a p Values were adjusted for duration of hypertension, systolic blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, DR, diabetic foot, Hb A_1c, serum-fasting glucose, serum urea, serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, urine albumin/creatinine ratio (g/mol): samples #1/#3.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/bjmg-2016-0033 | Journal eISSN: 2199-5761 (formerly 1311-0160) | Journal ISSN: 1311-0160

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Language: English

Page range: 29 - 34

Published on: Dec 31, 2016

Published by: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE),

Diabetic nephropathy,

Insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism,

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2016 M Šeruga, J Makuc, M Završnik, I Cilenšek, R Ekart, D Petrovič, published by Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 19 (2016): Issue 2 (December 2016)