Table 1
Baseline characteristics of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and control subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus.
| Parameters | T2DM Subjects (n = 595) | Control Subjects (n = 200) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.38 ± 9.65 | 60.07 ± 9.18 | 0.07 |
| Gender: males females | 338 (56.8%) 257 (43.2%) | 92 (46.0%) 108 (54.0%) | 0.008 |
| Duration of T2DM (years) | 11.25 ± 7.88 | ‒ | ‒ |
| Cigarette smokers (%) | 53 (8.9%) | 34 (17.0%) | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 108.65 ± 12.88 | 93.31 ± 13.18 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.96 ± 4.74 | 27.90 ± 4.42 | 0.16 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 146.98 ± 19.98 | 143.30 ± 16.6 | 0.86 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 85.75 ± 11.62 | 84.70 ± 11.6 | 0.19 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 8.04 ± 2.57 | 5.27 ± 0.87 | <0.001 |
| Hb A1c (%) | 7.89 ± 3.56 | 4.79 ± 0.29 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.70 ± 1.19 | 5.36 ± 1.08 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.35 | 1.43 ± 0.37 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.63 ± 0.94 | 3.24 ± 0.98 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.2-2.7) | 1.3 (0.9-1.9) | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.2 (1.0-4.3) | 1.3 (0.8-2.7) | <0.001 |
| CIMT (µm) | 1013.0 ± 208.0 | 979.0 ± 141.0 | 0.03 |
Continuous variables are expressed as means ± SDs if normally distributed and as median (interquartile range) if asymmetrically distributed. Categorical variables are expressed as frequency (percentage). BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Hb A1c: glycated hemoglobin (Hb); HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; CIMT: carotid intima media thickness.
Table 2
Comparison of markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the beginning and the end of the study with regard to the rs4646994 (angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion) and rs4341 polymorphisms.
| rs4646994 (ACE I/D) | Enrollment | Endpoint | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| II | ID | DD | p Value | II | ID | DD | p Value | |
| Intima media thickness (µm) | 998.0±147.0 | 1002.0±178.0 | 1012.0±178.0 | 0.62 | 1048.0±147.0 | 1054.0±128.0 | 1060.0±164.0 | 0.59 |
| Involved segments (n) | 2.65±1.49 | 3.04±1.71 | 2.66±1.44 | 0.12 | 4.48±1.75 | 4.62±1.68 | 4.71±1.76 | 0.68 |
| Sum of plaque thickness (mm) | 7.92±3.47 | 8.99±3.38 | 7.67±3.14 | 0.09 | 10.17±4.29 | 10.08±5.26 | 11.38±5.32 | 0.76 |
| rs4341 | Enrollment | Endpoint | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GG | GC | CC | p Value | GG | GC | CC | p Value | |
| Intima media thickness (µm) | 1022.0±212.0 | 1002.0±217.0 | 1018.0±191.0 | 0.71 | 1065.0±155.0 | 1054.0±163.0 | 1051.0±164.0 | 0.62 |
| Involved segments (n) | 2.49±1.48 | 2.54±1.73 | 2.44±1.57 | 0.89 | 3.60±1.76 | 3.70±1.64 | 3.70±1.78 | 0.96 |
| Sum of plaque thickness (mm) | 7.77±4.50 | 8.02±4.42 | 7.53±4.77 | 0.74 | 9.38±5.34 | 9.16±5.16 | 8.72±4.56 | 0.88 |
ACE I/D: angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion.
Table 3
Changes of markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus between first the examination and the examination at the end of the study with regard to the rs4646994 (angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion) and rs4341 polymorphisms.
| rs4646994 ACE I/D | II | ID | DD | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annual increase in CIMT (µm/year) | 14.28 (5.35-26.83) | 22.43 (16.73-32.19) | 20.34 (10.53-33.65) | 0.34 |
| ∆ Number of segments with plaques | 3.0 (1.0-3.0) | 1.0 (0.5-2.5) | 2.0 (1.0-3.0) | 0.42 |
| ∆ Sum of carotid plaques thickness (mm) | 4.00 (2.30-5.30) | 4.68 (3.30-7.60) | 6.22 (3.90-8.10) | 0.04 |
| rs4341 | GG | GC | CC | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annual increase in CIMT (µm/year) | 21.05 (14.28-33.65) | 20.69 (16.55-24.26) | 14.28 (10.71-20.08) | 0.26 |
| ∆ Number of segments with plaques | 2.0 (1.0-3.5) | 2.0 (1.0-2.5) | 3.0 (2.0-3.0) | 0.49 |
| ∆ Sum of carotid plaques thickness (mm) | 4.60 (3.40-7.90) | 5.60 (4.35-8.55) | 5.6 (2.60-6.90) | 0.07 |
ACE I/D: angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion. Annual increase in CIMT (carotid intima media thickness) was calculated as CIMT(beginning)-CIMT(endpoint)/follow-up in years. Change in number of plaques is expressed as number of segments with plaque at the endpoint minus the number at the beginning. Sum of plaque thickness is calculated as the end sum minus the beginning sum. Data are expressed as median and range.
Table 4
Multiple linear regression analysis for association of rs4646994 (angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion) with carotid atherosclerosis progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
| Parameters | ∆ CIMT/Year | ∆ Number of Segments | ∆ Sum of Plaque Thickness | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | p Value | β | p Value | β | p Value | |
| A) rs4646994 | ||||||
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 0.144 | 0.59 | 0.206 | 0.88 | 0.272 | 0.53 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.031 | 0.42 | 0.027 | 0.15 | 0.014 | 0.69 |
| ID | 0.141 | 0.49 | 0.116 | 0.51 | 0.845 | 0.26 |
| DD | 0.102 | 0.63 | 0.146 | 0.41 | 0.952 | 0.04 |
All models were adjusted to age, sex, smoking habits, serum levels of Hb A1c, statin treatment and initial values of the dependent variables. Reference groups are homozygotes for the I allele.