Methylated (M) fraction of the analyzed genes in four DNA pools_
| Genes | Controls M Fraction (%) | Newly-Diagnosed T2DM M Fraction (%) | T2DM Duration <5 Years M Fraction (%) | T2DM Duration >5 Years M Fraction (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRCA1 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 0.5 | 47.8 |
| CCND1 | 0.0 | 13.6 | 14.7 | 34.1 |
| Gadd45A | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 |
| Gadd45G | 0.0 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 0.0 |
| GDF15 | 98.5 | 98.4 | 97.7 | 95.9 |
| Gpx3 | 1.4 | 23.6 | 13.1 | 9.5 |
| Insig1 | 2.4 | 10.4 | 4.9 | 15.7 |
| Prdx2 | 7.3 | 22.3 | 22.4 | 32.0 |
| Rara | 0.0 | 13.2 | 6.6 | 7.6 |
| SCARA3 | 3.5 | 8.1 | 20.2 | 23.3 |
| Tp53 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 10.2 |
Main characteristics (number, gender distribution, mean age, BMI, Hb A1c, diabetes duration, presence of MetS, arterial hypertension, chronic complications of diabetes of the participants in the subgroups according to diabetes duration: newly-diagnosed T2DM, T2DM duration of <5 years, and T2DM duration >5 years)_
| Parameters | Newly-Diagnosed T2DM | T2DM Duration <5 Years | T2DM Duration >5 Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Sex | 6 males; 3 females | 5 males; 4 females | 5 males; 4 females |
| Age (years) (mean + SD) | 62.0 + 7.5 | 51.3 + 14.0 | 55.7 + 7.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.8 + 8.4 | 38.1 + 13.7 | 34.0 + 2.7 |
| Hb A1c (%) | 7.9 + 2.3 | 8.8 + 1.8 | 8.7 + 2.1 |
| Duration (years) | 0.0 | 2.2 + 0.8 | 6.8 + 1.9 |
| MetS (%) | 7/9 (77.8) | 6/9 (66.7) | 9/9 (100.0) |
| Arterial hypertension (%) | 6/9 (66.7) | 8/9 (88.9) | 8/9 (88.9) |
| Chronic complications of diabetes (%) | 2/9 (22.2) | 8/9 (88.9) | 8/9 (88.9) |
List of 22 analyzed genes and the processes they mediate_
| Genes | Processes Mediated by the Genes |
|---|---|
| Bnip3, Cyp1a1, Gpx3, Prdx2, Ptgs2 (Cox2) | Oxidative stress |
| Atm, Brca1, Ccnd1, Gadd45a, Gadd45g, Mlh1, Msh2, Tp53 | DNA damage |
| Insig1, Ube2g2 | Unfolded protein response |
| Cstb, Rara | Hypoxia |
| Dnajc15 | Heat shock protein |
| Atm, Cdkn1a (P21cip1/Waf1), Gadd45a (Plab), Msh2, Tp53 | Growth arrest and senescence |
| Prdx2, Ptgs2 (Cox2) | Inflammation |
| Bnip3, Cdkn1a (P21cip1/Waf1), Prdx2 | Anti-apoptosis |
| Brca1, Ccnd1, Cdkn1a (P21cip1/Waf1), Cyp1a1, Prdx2 | Proliferation and carcinogenesis |