Have a personal or library account? Click to login

Obesity, food intake and exercise: Relationship with ghrelin

Biomedical Human Kinetics
Volume 7 (2015): Issue 1 (January 2015)
By:
Open Access
|Sep 2015

References

  1. 1. Ahn N., Kim K. (2014) The influence of obesity and ambient temperature on physiological and oxidative responses to submaximal exercise. Biol. Sport, 31(2): 139-144.10.5604/20831862.1097482
  2. 2. Álvarez-Castro P., Pena L., Cordido F. (2013) Ghrelin in obesity, physiological and pharmacological considerations. Mini. Rev. Med. Chem., 13(4): 541-552.10.2174/1389557511313040007
  3. 3. Asakawa A., Inui A., Fujimiya M., Sakamaki R., Shinfuku N., Ueta Y. (2005) Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Gut., 54(1): 18-24.10.1136/gut.2004.038737
  4. 4. Asakawa A., Inui A., Kaga T., Katsuura G., Fujimiya M., Fujino M.A. (2003) Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice. Gut., 52(7): 947-952.10.1136/gut.52.7.947
  5. 5. Asakawa A., Inui A., Kaga T., Yuzuriha H., Nagata T., Ueno N. (2001) Ghrelin is an appetite – stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. Gastroenterology., 120(2): 337-345.10.1053/gast.2001.22158
  6. 6. Bagnasco M., Tulipano G., Melis M.R., Argiolas A., Cocchi D., Muller E.E. (2003) Endogenous ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide acting in the arcuate nucleus in response to fasting. Regul. Pept., 111(1–3): 161-167.10.1016/S0167-0115(02)00283-5
  7. 7. Bailey D.P., Smith L.R., Chrismas B.C., Taylor L., Stensel D.J., Deighton K., Douglas J.A., Kerr C.J. (2015) Appetite and gut hormone responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise versus high-intensity interval exercise., in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Appetite, 89: 237-245.10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.01925700630
  8. 8. Ballard T.P., Melby C.L., Camus H., Cianciulli M., Pitts J., Schmidt S. (2009) Effect of resistance exercise, with or without carbohydrate supplementation., on plasma ghrelin concentrations and postexercise hunger and food intake. Metabolism, 58(8): 1191-1199.
  9. 9. Ballor D.L., Poehlman E.T. (1994) Exercise-training enhances fat-free mass preservation during diet-induced weight loss: a meta-analytical finding. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 18(1): 35-40.
  10. 10. Bensimhon D.R., Kraus W.E., Donahue M.P. (2006) Obesity and physical activity: a review. Am. Heart J. 151(3): 598-603.10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.00516504621
  11. 11. Benso A., Broglio F., Aimaretti G., Lucatello B., Lanfranco F., Ghigo E. (2007) Endocrine and metabolic responses to extreme altitude and physical exercise in climbers. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 157(6): 733-740.10.1530/EJE-07-035518057380
  12. 12. Bilski J., Mańko G., Brzozowski T., Pokorski J., Nitecki J., Nitecka E., Wilk-Frańczuk M., Ziółkowski A., Jaszczur-Nowicki J., Kruczkowski D., Pawlik W.W. (2013) Effects of exercise of different intensity on gut peptides., energy intake and appetite in young males. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 20(4): 787-793.
  13. 13. Blundell J.E., Gibbons C., Caudwell P., Finlayson G., Hopkins M. (2015) Appetite control and energy balance: impact of exercise. Obes. Rev., 16(Suppl 1): 67-76. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12257.10.1111/obr.1225725614205
  14. 14. Blundell J.E., King N.A. (2000) Exercise, appetite control, and energy balance. Nutrition., 16(7–8): 519-22.10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00250-1
  15. 15. Blundell J.E., King N.A. (1999) Physical activity and regulation of food intake: current evidence. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 31(11): 573-583.10.1097/00005768-199911001-0001510593531
  16. 16. Broglio F., Gottero C., Prodam F., Gauna C., Muccioli G., Papotti M. (2004) Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89(6): 3062-3065.10.1210/jc.2003-03196415181099
  17. 17. Broom D.R., Stensel D.J., Bishop N.C., Burns S.F., Miyashita M. (2007) Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans. J. Appl. Physiol., 102(6): 2165-2171.10.1152/japplphysiol.00759.200617347386
  18. 18. Burns S.F., Broom D.R., Miyashita M., Mundy C., Stensel D.J. (2007) A single session of treadmill running has no effect on plasma total ghrelin concentrations. J. Sports Sci., 25(6): 635-642.10.1080/0264041060083185617454530
  19. 19. Crabtree D.R., Chambers E.S., Hardwick R.M., Blannin A.K. (2014) The effects of high-intensity exercise on neural responses to images of food. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 99(2): 258-267.10.3945/ajcn.113.07138124305681
  20. 20. Cummings D.E. (2006) Ghrelin and the short – and long-term regulation of appetite and body weight. Physiol. Behav., 89(1): 71-84.10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.02216859720
  21. 21. Deighton K., Batterham R.L., Stensel D.J. (2014) Appetite and gut peptide responses to exercise and calorie restriction. The effect of modest energy deficits. Appetite, 81: 52-59.10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.00324911618
  22. 22. Douglas J.A., King J.A., McFarlane E., Baker L., Bradley C., Crouch N., Hill D., Stensel D.J. (2015) Appetite hormone and energy intake responses to two consecutive days of aerobic exercise in healthy young men. Appetite, 92: 57-65.10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.00625963104
  23. 23. Dickhuth H.H., Röcker K., Mayer F., König D., Korsten-Reck U. (2004) Endurance training and cardial adaptation (athlete’s heart). Herz., 29(4): 373-380.
  24. 24. Erdmann J., Tahbaz R., Lippl F., Wagenpfeil S., Schusdziarra V. (2007) Plasma ghrelin levels during exercise – Effects of intensity and duration. Regul. Pept., 143(1–3): 127-135.10.1016/j.regpep.2007.05.00217570540
  25. 25. Gagnon J., Baggio L.L., Drucker D.J., Brubaker P.L. (2014) Ghrelin is a Novel Regulator of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion. Diabetes., 64(5): 1513-1521.
  26. 26. Garrow J.S., Summerbell C.D. (1995) Meta-analysis: effect of exercise, with or without dieting, on body composition of overweight subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 49(1): 1-10.
  27. 27. Goran M.L., Poehlman E.T. (1992) Endurance training does not enhance total energy expenditure in healthy elderly persons. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 263: 950-957.
  28. 28. Gormsen L.C., Nielsen C., Gjedsted J., Gjedde S., Vestergaard E.T., Christiansen J.S. (2007) Effects of free fatty acids., growth hormone and growth hormone receptor blockade on serum ghrelin levels in humans. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)., 66(5): 641-645.
  29. 29. Halse R.E., Wallman K.E., Guelfi K.J. Postexercise water immersion increases short-term food intake in trained men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 43(4): 632-638.10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f55d2e20798665
  30. 30. Hill A.J., Peters J.C. (1995b) Exercise and macronutrient balance. Int. J. Obes., 19(4): 88-92.
  31. 31. Hill AJ., Melby C., Johnson S.L., Peters J.C. (1995a) Physical activity and energy requirements. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 62(5):1059S-1066S.10.1093/ajcn/62.5.1059S7484922
  32. 32. Hubert P., King N.A., Blundell J.E. (1998) Uncoupling the effects of energy expenditure and energy intake: appetite response to short-term energy deficit induced by meal omission and physical activity. Appetite, 31(1): 9-19.10.1006/appe.1997.01489716432
  33. 33. Ikeda N., Yasu T., Tsuboi K., Sugawara Y., Kubo N., Umemoto T. (2010) Effects of submaximal exercise on blood rheology and sympathetic nerve activity. Circ. J., 74(4): 730-734.10.1253/circj.CJ-09-0758
  34. 34. Kim H.J., Lee S., Kim T.W., Kim H.H., Jeon T.Y., Yoon Y.S. (2008) Effects of exercise-induced weight loss on acylated and unacylated ghrelin in overweight children. Clin. Endocrinol., 68(3): 416-422. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03058.x17888020
  35. 35. King J.A., Garnham J.O., Jackson A.P., Kelly B.M., Xenophontos S., Nimmo M.A. (2015) Appetite regulatory hormone responses on the day following a prolonged bout of moderate-intensity exercise. Physiol. Behav., 141: 23-31.
  36. 36. King J.A., Wasse L.K., Broom D.R., Stensel D.J. (2010) Influence of brisk walking on appetite, energy intake, and plasma acylated ghrelin. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 42(3): 485-492.10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ba10c419952806
  37. 37. King J.A., Wasse L.K., Stensel D.J. (2011) The acute effects of swimming on appetite., food intake., and plasma acylated ghrelin. J. Obes., pii: 351628, DOI:10.1155/2011/351628.10.1155/2011/351628295280520953411
  38. 38. King N.A., Blundell J.E. (1995) High-fat foods overcome the energy expenditure induced by high-intensity cycling or running. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 49(2): 114-123.
  39. 39. King N.A., Burley V.J., Blundell J.E. (1994) Exercise-induced suppression of appetite: Effects on food intake and implications for energy balance. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 48(10): 715-724.
  40. 40. King J.A., Garnham J.O., Jackson A.P., Kelly B.M., Xenophontos S., Nimmo M.A. (2015) Appetite-regulatory hormone responses on the day following a prolonged bout of moderate-intensity exercise. Physiol. Behav., 141: 23-31.
  41. 41. King N.A. (1999) What processes are involved in the appetite response to moderate increases in exercise-induced energy expenditure? Proc. Nutr. Soc., 58(1): 107-113.10.1079/PNS1999001510343347
  42. 42. Kojima M., Hosoda H., Date Y., Nakazato M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K. (1999) Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature, 402: 656-660.10.1038/4523010604470
  43. 43. Lawrence C.B., Snape A.C., Baudoin F.M., Luckman S.M. (2002) Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology, 143(1): 155-162.10.1210/endo.143.1.856111751604
  44. 44. Le Roux C.W., Patterson M., Vincent R.P., Hunt C., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. (2005) Postprandial plasma ghrelin is suppressed proportional to meal calorie content in normal-weight but not obese subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 90(2): 1068-1071.10.1210/jc.2004-121615522935
  45. 45. Levine J.A. (2002) Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 16(4): 679-702.10.1053/beem.2002.022712468415
  46. 46. Leidy H.J., Dougherty K.A., Frye B.R., Duke K.M., Williams N.I. (2007) Twenty-four-hour ghrelin is elevated after calorie restriction and exercise training in non-obese Women. Obesity (Silver Spring), 15(2): 446-455.10.1038/oby.2007.54217299118
  47. 47. Mackelvie K.J., Meneilly G.S., Elahi D., Wong A.C., Barr S.I., Chanoine J.P. (2007) Regulation of appetite in lean and obese adolescents after exercise: role of acylated and desacyl ghrelin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 92(2): 648-654.10.1210/jc.2006-102817119003
  48. 48. Mäestu J., Jürimäe J., Valter I., Jürimäe T. (2008) Increases in ghrelin and decreases in leptin without altering adiponectinduring extreme weight loss in male competitive bodybuilders. Metabolism, 57(2): 221-225.10.1016/j.metabol.2007.09.00418191052
  49. 49. Mann T., Nomiyama A.J., Westling E., Lew A.M., Samuels B., Chatman J. (2007) Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer. Am. Psychol., 62(3): 220-233.10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.22017469900
  50. 50. Martins C., Kulseng B., King N.A., Holst J.J., Blundell J.E. (2010) The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetite-related peptides and motivation to eat. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 95(4): 1609-1616.10.1210/jc.2009-208220150577
  51. 51. Martins C., Morgan L.M., Bloom S.R., Robertson M.D. (2007) Effects of exercise on gut peptides., energy intake and appetite. J. Endocrinol., 193(2): 251-258.
  52. 52. Martins C., Robertson M.D., Morgan L.M. (2008) Effects of exercise and restrained eating behaviour on appetite control. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 67(1): 28-41.10.1017/S002966510800599518234129
  53. 53. Martins C., Stensvold D., Finlayson G., Holst J., Wisloff U., Kulseng B., Morgan L., King N.A. (2015) Effect of moderate – and high-intensity acute exercise on appetite in obese individuals. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 47(1): 40-48.10.1249/MSS.000000000000037224824772
  54. 54. Marzullo P., Salvadori A., Brunani A., Verti B., Walker G.E., Fanari P. (2008) Acylated ghrelin decreases during acute exercise in the lean and obese state. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)., 69(6): 970-971.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03275.x18419786
  55. 55. Meijer G.A.L., Jansen G.M.E., Westerterp K.R., Verhoeven F., Saris W.H.M., ten Hoor F. (1991) The effect of a 5-month endurance-training programme on physical activity: evidence for a sex-difference in the metabolic response to exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol., 62(1): 11-17.10.1007/BF006356262007389
  56. 56. Miller W.C., Koceja D.M., Hamilton E.J. (1997) A metaanalysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet., exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 21(10): 941-947.10.1038/sj.ijo.08004999347414
  57. 57. Mizia-Stec K., Zahorska-Markiewicz B., Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M., Janowska J., Mucha Z., Holecki M. (2008) Ghrelin as a potential blood pressure reducing factor in obese women during weight loss treatment. Endokrynol. Pol., 59(3): 207-211.
  58. 58. Moraes C., Marinho S., Lobo J.C., Stockler-Pinto M.B., Barros A.F., Jacobson L.V., da Nobrega A.C., Rosa M.L., Denise M. (2015) Effects of resistance exercise training on acyl-ghrelin and obestatin levels in hemodialysis patients. Ren. Fail., 21: 1-7.
  59. 59. Mota G.R., Zanesco A. (2007) Leptin, ghrelin, and physical exercise. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol., 51(1): 25-33.10.1590/S0004-2730200700010000617435852
  60. 60. Murakami N., Hayashida T., Kuroiwa T., Nakahara K., Ida T., Mondal M.S. (2002) Role for central ghrelin in food intake and secretion profile of stomach ghrelin in rats. J. Endocrinol., 174(2): 283-288.10.1677/joe.0.174028312176667
  61. 61. Nakazato M., Murakami N., Date Y., Kojima M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K. (2001) A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature, 409: 194–198.10.1038/3505158711196643
  62. 62. Nitsche H., Nitsche M., Sudi K., Tschop M., Zotter H., Weinhand G. (2007) Ghrelin--an indicator for fat oxidation in obese children and adolescents during a weight reduction program. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab., 20(6): 719-723.10.1515/JPEM.2007.20.6.719
  63. 63. Ozcan O., Bostanci M.O., Cicek G., Yamaner F. (2015) The effects of two different exercise programmes on adipose tissue hormones in sedentary middle-aged women. Arch. Physiol. Biochem., 121(2): 50-55.10.3109/13813455.2014.100356725720859
  64. 64. Ozen S., Sonmez T.G., Yuktasir B., Yalcin H.B., Bugdayci G., Willems M. (2010) Effects of exercise on leptin and acylated ghrelin hormones ın trained males. 13(2): 20-30.
  65. 65. Perreault M., Istrate N., Wang L., Nichols A.J., Tozzo E., Stricker-Krongrad A. (2004) Resistance to the orexigenic effect of ghrelin in dietary-induced obesity in mice: reversal upon weight loss. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 28(7): 879-885.10.1038/sj.ijo.080264015111983
  66. 66. Powers S.K., Howley E.T. (2002) Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance. 3th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p.167-168.
  67. 67. Prentice A., Jebb S. (2004) Energy intake/physical activity interactions in the homeostasis of body weight regulation. Nutr. Rev., 62: 98-104.
  68. 68. Ross R., Dagnone D., Jones P.J.H., Smith H., Paddags A., Hudson R. (2000) Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. Ann. Intern. Med., 133(2): 92-103.10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-0000810896648
  69. 69. Rumbold P.L., Gibson A.S., Allsop S., Stevenson E., Dodd-Reynolds C.J. (2011) Energy intake and appetite following netball exercise over 5 days in trained 13–15 year old girls. Appetite, 56(3): 621-628. 10.1016/j.appet.2011.02.01421352880
  70. 70. Santosa S., Demonty I., Lichtenstein AH., Cianflone K., Jones PJ. (2007) An investigation of hormone and lipid associations after weight loss in women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 26(3): 250-258. 10.1080/07315724.2007.1071960817634170
  71. 71. Sartorio A., Morpurgo P., Cappiello V., Agosti F., Marazzi N., Giordani C. (2008) Exercise-induced effects on growth hormone levels are associated with ghrelin changes only in presence of prolonged exercise bouts in male athletes. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 48(1): 97-101.
  72. 72. Shearman L.P., Wang S.P., Helmling S., Stribling D.S., Mazur P., Ge L. (2006) Ghrelin neutralization by a ribonucleic acid-SPM ameliorates obesity in diet-induced obese mice. Endocrinology, 147(3): 1517-1526. 10.1210/en.2005-099316339202
  73. 73. Shiiya T., Nakazato M., Mizuta M., Date Y., Mondal M.S., Tanaka M. (2002) Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87(1): 240-244. 10.1210/jcem.87.1.812911788653
  74. 74. Shorten A.L., Wallman K.E., Guelfi K.J. (2009) Acute effect of environmental temperature during exercise on subsequent energy intake in active men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 90(5): 1215-1221. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.2816219793848
  75. 75. Shuto Y., Shibasaki T., Otagiri A., Kuriyama H., Ohata H., Tamura H. (2002) Hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptor regulates growth hormone secretion., feeding., and adiposity. J. Clin. Invest., 109(11): 1429-1436. 10.1172/JCI0213300
  76. 76. Stensel D. (2010) Exercise, appetite and appetite-regulating hormones: ımplications for food ıntake and weight control. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 57(2): 36-42. 10.1159/00032270221346335
  77. 77. Stokes K.A., Sykes D., Gilbert K.L., Chen J.W., Frystyk J. (2010) Brief, high intensity exercise alters serum ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations but not IGF-I., IGF-II or IGF-I bioactivity. Growth. Horm. IGF Res., 20(4): 289-294. 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.03.00420472480
  78. 78. Stokes K.A., Sykes D., Gilbert K.L., Frystyk J. (2005) Growth hormone and ghrelin responses to very intence exercise in humans. Endokrine Abstracts, 10: 62.
  79. 79. Toshinai K., Yamaguchi H., Sun Y., Smith R.G., Yamanaka A., Sakurai T. (2006) Des-acyl ghrelin induces food intake by a mechanism independent of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Endocrinology, 147(5): 2306-2314. 10.1210/en.2005-135716484324
  80. 80. Tschop M., Smiley D.L., Heimman ML. (2000) Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature, 407: 908-913. 10.1038/3503809011057670
  81. 81. Tups A., Helwig M., Khorooshi R.M., Archer Z.A., Klingenspor M., Mercer J.G. (2004) Circulating ghrelin levels and central ghrelin receptor expression are elevated in response to food deprivation in a seasonal mammal (Phodopus sungorus). J. Neuroendocrinol., 16(11): 922-928. 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01251.x15584933
  82. 82. Ueda S.Y., Yoshikawa T., Katsura Y., Usui T., Nakao H., Fujimoto S. (2009) Changes in gut hormone levels and negative energy balance during aerobic exercise in obese young males. J. Endocrinol., 201(1): 151-159. 10.1677/JOE-08-050019158129
  83. 83. Unick J.L., Otto A.D., Goodpaster B.H., Helsel D.L., Pellegrini C.A., Jakicic J.M. (2010) Acute effect of walking on energy intake in overweight/obese women. Appetite, 55(3): 413-419. 10.1016/j.appet.2010.07.012370194820674640
  84. 84. Valera Mora M.E., Scarfone A., Valenza V., Calvani M., Greco A.V., Gasbarrini G. (2005) Ghrelin does not influence gastric emptying in obese subjects. Obes. Res., 13(4): 739-744. 10.1038/oby.2005.8315897483
  85. 85. Vatansever-Ozen S., Sonmez G.T., Bugdayci G., Ozen G. (2011) The effects of exercise on food intake and hunger: Relationship with acylated ghrelin and leptin. J. Sport Sci. Med., 10(2): 283-291.
  86. 86. White L.J., Dressendorfer R.H., Holland E., McCoy S.C., Ferguson M.A. (2005) Increased caloric intake soon after exercise in cold water. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 15(1): 38-47. 10.1123/ijsnem.15.1.3815902988
  87. 87. Wilmore J.H. (1996) Increasing physical activity: alterations in body mass and composition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63(3): 456-460. 10.1093/ajcn/63.3.4568615342
  88. 88. Wren A.M., Seal L.J., Cohen J.A., Brynes A.E., Frost G.S., Murphy K.G. (2001) Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86(12): 5992-5995. 10.1210/jcem.86.12.811111739476
  89. 89. Zahorska-Markiewicz B., Mizia-Stec K., Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M., Janowska J. (2004) Effect of weight reduction on serum ghrelin and TNFalpha concentrations in obese women. Eur. J. Intern. Med., 15(3): 172-175. 10.1016/j.ejim.2004.02.00215245720
  90. 90. Zorrilla E.P., Iwasaki S., Moss J.A., Chang J., Otsuji J., Inoue K. (2006) Vaccination against weight gain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103(35): 13226-13231. 10.1073/pnas.0605376103155978116891413
    Search in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2015-0018 | Journal eISSN: 2080-2234
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Published on: Sep 9, 2015
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year
Keywords:
Exercise,
Apettite,
Food intake,
Ghrelin
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Basic medical science,
Basic medical science, other,
Clinical medicine,
Public health,
Sports and recreation,
Sports and recreation, other,
Physical education

© 2015 Gul Tiryaki-Sonmez, Serife Vatansever, Burcin Olcucu, Brad Schoenfeld, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 7 (2015): Issue 1 (January 2015)Next article