References
- Aitken R.J. (2002). Active oxygen in spermatozoa during epididymal transit. In: The epididymis from molecules to clinical practice, Robaire B., Hinton B.T. (eds). Springer, Boston, MA, pp. 435–447.
- Aitken R.J., Vernet P. (1998). Maturation of redox regulatory mechanisms in the epididymis. J. Reprod. Fertil., Suppl., 53: 109–118.
- Aitken R.J., Roman S.D. (2008). Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes. In: Molecular mechanisms in spermatogenesis, advances in experimental medicine and biology, Cheng Y.C. (ed). Landes Bioscience, Springer Science Business Media, Boston, MA, USA, 636: 154–171.
- Allen J.A., Diemer T., Janus P., Hales K.H., Hales D.B. (2004). Bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide and reactive oxygen species inhibit Leydig cell steroidogenesis via perturbation of mitochondria. Endocrine, 25: 265–275.10.1385/ENDO:25:3:265
- Bradford M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem., 7: 248–254.10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
- Chabory E., Damon C., Lenoir A., Henry-Berger J., Vernet P., Cadet R., Saez F., Drevet J.R. (2010). Mammalian glutathione peroxidases control acquisition and maintenance of spermatozoa integrity. J. Anim. Sci., 88: 1321–1331.10.2527/jas.2009-2583
- Chandel N.S., Mc Clintock D.S., Feliciano C.E., Wood T.M., Melendez J.A., Rodriguez A.M., Schumacker P.T. (2000). Reactive oxygen species generated at mitochondrial complex III stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha during hypoxia: a mechanism of O2 sensing. J. Biol. Chem., 275: 25130–25138.
- Chomczynski P., Sacchi N. (1987). Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. Biochem., 162: 156–159.
- de Lamirande E., Leduc B.E., Iwasaki A., Hassouna M., Gagnon C. (1995). Increased reactive oxygen species formation in semen of patients with spinal cord injury. Fertil. Steril., 63: 637–642.
- Fisher H.M., Aitken R.J. (1997). Comparative analysis of the ability of precursor germ cells and epididymal spermatozoa to generate reactive oxygen metabolites. J. Exp. Zool., 277: 390–400.
- Georgiou M., Perkins L.M., Payne A.H. (1987). Steroid synthesis-dependent, oxygen-mediated damage of mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes in rat Leydig cell cultures. Endocrinology, 121: 1390–1399.
- Goeritz F., Quest M., Wagener A., Fassbender M., Broich A., Hildebrandt T.B., Hofmann R.R., Blottner S. (2003). Seasonal timing of sperm production in roe deer: inter-relationship between changes in ejaculate parameters, morphology and function of testis and accessory glands. Theriogenology, 59: 1487–1502.
- Hall P.F. (1994). Testicular steroid synthesis: organization and regulation. In: The Physiology of Reproduction, Knobil E., Neill J.D. (eds). Raven Press, New York, 1: 1335–1362.
- Hanukoglu I. (2006). Antioxidant protective mechanisms against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondrial P450 systems in steroidogenic cells. Drug Metab. Rev., 38: 171–196.
- Hanukoglu I., Rapoport R., Weiner L., Sklan D. (1993). Electron leakage from the mitochondrial NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase-adrenodoxin-P450scc (cholesterol side chain cleavage) system. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 305: 489–498.
- Hinton B.T., Palladino M.A., Rudolph D.B., Lan Z.J., Labus J.C. (1996). The role of the epididymis in the protection of spermatozoa. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol., 33: 61–102.
- Klonisch T., Schön J., Hombach-Klonisch S., Blottner S. (2006). The roe deer as a model for studying seasonal regulation of testis function. Int. J. Androl., 29: 122–128.10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00603.x
- Kormano M. (1968). Microvasculature structure of the rat epididymis. Ann. Med. Exp. Fenn., 46: 113–118.
- Kozioł K., Koziorowski M. (2013). Steroid hormones in peripheral blood plasma and androgen receptors in testis and epididymis of roe deer male (Capreolus capreolus) during the reproduction season. Small Rumin. Res., 115: 86–93.10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.09.008
- Koziorowska-Gilun M., Gilun P., Fraser L., Koziorowski M., Kordan W., Stefanczyk-Krzymowska S. (2013). Antioxidant enzyme activity and mRNA expression in reproductive tract of adult male European bison (Bison bonasus, Linnaeus 1758). Reprod. Domest. Anim., 48: 7–14.10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02015.x
- Koziorowska-Gilun M., Fraser L., Gilun P., Koziorowski M., Kordan W. (2015). Activity of antioxidant enzymes and their mRNA expression in reproductive tract tissues of the male roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) during pre-rut and rut season. Small Rumin. Res., 129: 97–103.
- Lysiak J.J., Kirby J.L., Tremblay J.J., Woodson R.I., Reardon M.A., Palmer L.A., Turner T.T. (2009). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is constitutively expressed in murine Leydig cells and regulates 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 promoter activity. J. Androl., 2: 146–156.
- Marti H.H., Katschinski D.M., Wagner K.F., Schaffer L., Stier B., Wenger RH. (2002). Isoform-specific expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha during the late stages of mouse spermiogenesis. Mol. Endocrinol., 16: 234–243.
- Martinez-Pastor F., Guerra C., Kaabi M., Garcia-Macias V., de Paz P., Alvarez M., Herraez P., Anel L. (2005). Season effect on genitalia and epididymal sperm from Iberian red deer, roe deer and Cantabrian chamois. Theriogenology, 63: 1857–1875.10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.08.006
- Maxwell P.H. (2005). Hypoxia-inducible factor as a physiological regulator. Exp. Physiol., 90: 791–797.10.1113/expphysiol.2005.030924
- Michiels C., Minet E., Mottet D., Raes M. (2002). Regulation of gene expression by oxygen: NF-kappaB and HIF-1, two extremes. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 33: 1231–1242.
- Palladino M.A., Powell J.D., Korah N., Hermo L. (2004). Expression and localization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunits in the adult rat epididymis. Biol. Reprod., 70: 1121–1130.
- Perry A.C., Jones R., Hall L. (1993). Isolation and characterization of a rat cDNA clone encoding a secreted superoxide dismutase reveals the epididymis to be a major site of its expression. Biochem. J., 293: 21–25.
- Powell J.D., Elshtein R., Forest D.J., Palladino M.A. (2002). Stimulation of hypoxiainducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein in the adult rat testis following ischemic injury occurs without an increase in HIF-1alpha messenger RNA expression. Biol. Reprod., 67: 995–1002.
- Roelants H., Schneider F., Goritz F., Streich J., Blottner S. (2002). Seasonal changes of spermatogonial proliferation in roe deer, demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis of c-kit receptor, in relation to follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone. Biol. Reprod., 67: 305–312.
- Schön J., Blottner S. (2009). Seasonal variations in the epididymis of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Anim. Reprod. Sci., 111: 344–352.
- Schroedl C., Mc Clintock D.S., Budinger G.R., Chandel N.S. (2002). Hypoxic but not anoxic stabilization of HIF-1alpha requires mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell Mol. Physiol., 283: 922–931.
- Semenza G.L. (1999). Regulation of mammalian O2 homeostasis by hypoxia inducible factor 1. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol., 15: 551–578.10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.551
- Semenza G.L. (2000). Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1: mechanisms and consequences. Biochem. Pharmacol., 59: 47–53.
- Setchel B.P., Waites G.M., (1964). Blood flow and the uptake of glucose and oxygen in the testis and epididymis of the ram. J. Physiol., 171: 411–425.
- Setchell B.P. (2002). Innervation and vasculature of the excurrent duct system. In: The epididymis: from molecules to clinical practice, Robaire B., Hinton B.T. (eds). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, USA, 1: 35–48.
- Sikka S.C. (2004). Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in andrology and assisted reproductive technology. J. Androl., 1: 5–18.
- Vernet P., Aitken R.J., Drevet J.R. (2004). Antioxidant strategies in the epididymis. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 216: 31–39.
- Wang M., Kirk J.S., Venkatataraman S., Domann F.E., Zhang H.J., Schafer F.Q., Flanagan S.W., Weydert C.J., Spitz D.R., Buettner G.R., Oberley L.W. (2005). Manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses hypoxic induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor. Oncogene, 24: 8154–8166.
- Wenger R.H. (2002). Cellular adaptation to hypoxia: O2-sensing protein hydroxylases, hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, and O2-regulated gene expression. Faseb. J., 16: 1151–1162.
- Zhao S., Fernald R. (2005). Comprehensive algorithm for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. J. Comput. Biol., 12: 1045–1062.10.1089/cmb.2005.12.1047